tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-31962141682371524372024-03-13T10:22:19.267+01:00Primate Dental EcologyJordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.comBlogger82125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-54776201494293862452020-04-13T10:19:00.002+02:002020-05-01T13:07:42.236+02:00Buccal dental-microwear and feeding ecology of Early Pleistocene Theropithecus oswaldi from Cueva Victoria (Spain)<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248419303677" target="_blank">A study published in Journal of Human Evolution</a> reveals for the first time the diet of the fossil baboon <i>Theropithecus oswaldi</i> found in Cueva Victoria in Cartagena (Murcia, Spain), the only site in Europe with remains of this primate whose origins date back to four million years ago in eastern Africa. This publication was led by Laura Martínez from the Faculty of Biology of the University of Barcelona, and counts on the participation of other experts.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ydoCl2fvNR47R4ghVc-m8O7gyocHW_szZcugNSyzNOYS4TfGX6ey73rHBVJiopzKrKHBp3KjZLmAb5AGAunBqEWk1SNSkmH1rX5THAa5_UUbGuVF8WmXBjoWEMn83TuZpl3VxDPxaA8/s1600/Theropithecus+teeth+SEM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="259" data-original-width="650" height="158" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi5ydoCl2fvNR47R4ghVc-m8O7gyocHW_szZcugNSyzNOYS4TfGX6ey73rHBVJiopzKrKHBp3KjZLmAb5AGAunBqEWk1SNSkmH1rX5THAa5_UUbGuVF8WmXBjoWEMn83TuZpl3VxDPxaA8/s400/Theropithecus+teeth+SEM.png" width="400" /></a></div>
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Our new study analyses for the first time the diet of the only fossil
remains of this primate with the analysis of buccal dental microwear.
According to the conclusions, the feeding pattern of this guenon -the
most abundant in the fossil records from the African Pleistocene- would
be different than the one in the baboon Theropithecus gelada -the
phylogenetically closest species living in Semien Mountains, northern
Ethiopia, at the current moment-, which usually eats herbs and stalks.<br />
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The genus <i>Theropithecus</i> spread over the Sahara Desert, from
east to north and south in the African continent. Its evolutionary
lineage, also present in some European and Asian areas, reached its
limit of disappearance about 500,000 years ago. Today, it would be only
represented by the species Theropithecus gelada, a primate which only
eats plants and shows an ecological profile more similar to herbivore
animals rather than primates.<br />
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In 1990, the excavation campaign led by the palaeontologist Josep Gibert found the first fossil remain -a tooth- of <i>Theropithecus oswaldi</i>.
This cave -an old manganese mine- provided with fossil remains of about
a hundred species of vertebrates and it is one of the few European
sites of the early Pleistocene with remains of human species. Outside
the African continent, the fossil records of this baboon is scarce and
researchers have only found other remains in Ubeidiya (Israel) and
Minzapur (India).<br />
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The new fossil evidence of <i>T. oswaldi </i>-which date back to 900,000 and 850,000 million years ago- were recovered by a team led by the researchers Carles Ferràndez-Cañadell and Lluís Gibert, from the Department of Mineralogy, Petrology and Applied Geology of the Faculty of Earth Sciences of the UB. The presence of this African primate in the south-eastern area of the Iberian Peninsula strengthens the hypothesis of the animal dispersal models going from the African continent to Europe during the Pleistocene through the Strait of Gibraltar.<br />
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The analysis of the produced dental striations caused due to food consumption reveal the <i>T. oswaldi</i> specimens in Cueva Victoria would have a more abrasive diet compared to the current <i>T. gelada</i>, and more similar to the diet of other primates such as mangabeys and mandrills, which eat fruits and seeds in forested and semiopen ecosystems.<br />
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Other recent studies based on the observation of <i>T. gelada</i> in the area of Guassa, Ethiopia, describe a more diverse diet, with rhizome and tubers over the most unfavourable season. The difference between <i>T. oswaldi</i> and <i>T. gelada</i> shows that the observed specialization in the current geladas could be a derived specialization which did not exist in the fossils of its lineage.<br />
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<a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0047248419303677" target="_blank">Martínez LM, Estebaranz F, Ferràndez-Cañadell C, Romero A, Ribot F, Galbany J, Gibert L & Pérez-Pérez A (2020) Buccal dental-microwear and feeding ecology of Early Pleistocene Theropithecus oswaldi from Cueva Victoria (Spain). Journal of Human Evolution 142: 102736.</a><br />
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<b>Abstract</b><br />
Despite the scarcity of fossil specimens of <i>Theropithecus oswaldi</i> in Eurasia, its presence out of Africa attests to the great dispersal of this Papionini genus during the Early Pleistocene. In the present study, we analyze the buccal dental microwear of <i>T. oswaldi </i>(<i>T. o. leakeyi</i>) fossil specimens from Cueva Victoria (Southeastern Spain). This analysis is the first characterization of the feeding ecology of T. oswaldi in Europe. The buccal microwear pattern of the molar and premolar teeth of <i>T. oswaldi</i> from Cueva Victoria shows great similarities to that observed for the extant frugivorous forest-dwelling <i>Mandrillus sphinx</i> and mangabeys (<i>Cercocebus sp</i>.)—both species adapted to durophagous dietary habits—while significantly different from that observed for the gramnivorous <i>Theropithecus gelada</i>. These results suggest that <i>T. oswaldi </i>from Cueva Victoria could have exploited both hard-shelled fruits or seeds and succulent fruits from open and forested Mediterranean ecosystems.Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-66538155822779956262019-09-02T14:55:00.000+02:002019-09-02T15:02:25.975+02:00Dental macrowear in catarrhine primates: variability across speciesA new book on dental ecology has been recently published: “<a href="https://www.elsevier.com/books/dental-wear-in-evolutionary-and-biocultural-contexts/schmidt/978-0-12-815599-8" target="_blank">Dental wear in evolutionary and biocultural contexts</a>”, edited by Christopher Schmidt and James T. Watson. This book has been published after a symposium on the same topic, done at the 87th Annual meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists in Austin, TX, in 2018.<br />
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Many authors have contributed to this book, which presents two main sections on “Macroscopic tooth wear” and “Microscopic tooth wear”, both offering a very broad perspective; and we have published a book chapter on dental macrowear variability in catarrhine primates.<br />
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Previous studies examined dental macrowear in relation to absolute time (age) in populations where individually-known subjects are available. Some examples are the study of percent of dentine exposure (PDE) with age in <a href="http://dentalecology.blogspot.com/2010/08/age-and-individual-foraging-behavior.html" target="_blank">yellow baboons</a> (<i>Papio cynocephalus</i>) from Amboseli, Kenya (Galbany et al., 2011), <a href="http://dentalecology.blogspot.com/2014/04/age-related-tooth-wear-differs-between.html" target="_blank">mandrills</a> (<i>Mandrillus sphinx</i>) from Lékédi Park, Gabon (Galbany et al., 2014), and <a href="http://dentalecology.blogspot.com/2015/11/tooth-wear-and-feeding-ecology-in.html" target="_blank">mountain gorillas</a> (<i>Gorilla beringei beringei</i>) from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda (Galbany et al., 2016). Interestingly, while molar tooth macrowear (PDE) significantly increased with age, these species showed very different tooth wear "aging" rates. While mountain gorillas exhibited very low rates of dental macrowear, baboons, and especially mandrills, presented significantly higher dental macrowear rates. Many factors may be responsible for differences in wear patterns observed in these taxa. For example, time spent consuming underground corms and roots is associated with increased rates of dental macrowear in baboons and mountain gorillas. Mandrills are also exposed to a silica-rich, abrasive soil, in addition to their obdurate diet including fruit with hard exocarps. Both factors may contribute to higher tooth wear rates among mandrills compared to baboons or mountain gorillas.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil8HxVfTKWuQqgb-1AKcGLz5mUriWaBZCevMiAwbbERsqo1Z2LRLfQP625ACUTaZaWBw-9PFy72nS2E_CINVB_U1ICRZnwkVMcrziNNuD_nZG3LkQCc2r-Z0CTVkJExJccyk5y40jcc4w/s1600/Figure+1+dentine+exposure+with+age.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="707" data-original-width="1000" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEil8HxVfTKWuQqgb-1AKcGLz5mUriWaBZCevMiAwbbERsqo1Z2LRLfQP625ACUTaZaWBw-9PFy72nS2E_CINVB_U1ICRZnwkVMcrziNNuD_nZG3LkQCc2r-Z0CTVkJExJccyk5y40jcc4w/s400/Figure+1+dentine+exposure+with+age.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Quadratic regressions for predicting percent of dentine exposure of M1
with age in mandrills (in red), baboons (in yellow) and mountain
gorillas (in grey).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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In the present study, we analyzed the dental macrowear of twenty catarrhine primate species, even though most of the specimens were “anonymous” and of unknown age, as were obtained from osteological collections. Our goals were to determine variability of the percent of dentine exposure of permanent molars across species, by analyzing the rates between M1 and M3; and also to test possible sources of variation in dental macrowear in catarrhines, including: Superfamily (Cercopithecoidea or Hominoidea), general diet (frugivore, folivore or durophagous) and enamel thickness (in mm).<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC5FKTnqd-wGBMxdGYhMbAz__mLgJriv8RGhEVaXaA9HKzpANeuUre4h2sqaTUgXY9GsAxgSCiW0HIbk3-Notw6cG44bm9dlsVss1ShMX0FUWp5yFbHm6AN4xDyJD6BJZVnOVdyQ_Nhak/s1600/Figure+2+primate+pde+teeth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="350" data-original-width="1600" height="87" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiC5FKTnqd-wGBMxdGYhMbAz__mLgJriv8RGhEVaXaA9HKzpANeuUre4h2sqaTUgXY9GsAxgSCiW0HIbk3-Notw6cG44bm9dlsVss1ShMX0FUWp5yFbHm6AN4xDyJD6BJZVnOVdyQ_Nhak/s400/Figure+2+primate+pde+teeth.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mandibular molar occlusal images (M3-M1) showing tooth crowns with
different percent of dentine exposure (PDE) in different species. Pan t.
troglodytes (A), Gorilla b. beringei - Bwindi (B), Gorilla g. gorilla
(C), Cercopithecus cephus (D), Piliocolobus badius (E) and Cercocebus
torquatus (F). Scale bar = 1 cm. Photos by Laura Baiges-Sotos and Jordi
Galbany.</td></tr>
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We found that the relationship between PDE in M1 and PDE in M3 show significant variation in slopes, indicating differences in dental macrowear rates between species. These results corroborate previous studies that also found variability in few species using this approach. Among Hominoidea, chimpanzees (both <i>Pan t troglodytes</i> and <i>Pan t schweinfurthii</i>) present the highest slopes (0.437 and 0.347, respectively), followed by Bwindi mountain gorillas (0.317), orangutans (0.191), bonobos (0.142), western lowland gorillas (0.133) and Virunga mountain gorillas (0.118). The lowest slopes are observed in silvery gibbons (0.109) and Grauer’s gorillas (0.072). Regarding Cercopithecoidea primates, mangabeys (<i>Cercocebus torquatus</i> and <i>C. agilis</i>) and golden monkeys (<i>Cercopithecus kandti</i>) present the highest slopes (from 0.712 to 0.795), followed by colobus monkeys (both <i>Colobus angolensis</i> and <i>Piliocolobus badius</i>) (0.591 and 0.560, respectively), mandrills (0.421), and <i>Cercopithecus sp.</i> from Taï (0.406). All the rest of guenons (<i>Cercopithecus ascanius</i> and <i>Cercopithecus cephus</i>), gray-cheeked mangabeys and yellow baboons present the lowest slopes (from 0.387 to 0.092).<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjydosSpuKY-2cFyR_WB3wETSvNMV5jgpkRA0LL_Kmv4BHZSnQNIUVU5SVeH7TpLSiyxNXAdLTqmXoGHZXuNCTLkmRfWQrXWcgI2PB5-4sm3jVkgsAQAriVyI9khbMBxI10L_t_3hwLJyk/s1600/Figure+4+tooth+wear+rates+species.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1129" data-original-width="1600" height="281" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjydosSpuKY-2cFyR_WB3wETSvNMV5jgpkRA0LL_Kmv4BHZSnQNIUVU5SVeH7TpLSiyxNXAdLTqmXoGHZXuNCTLkmRfWQrXWcgI2PB5-4sm3jVkgsAQAriVyI9khbMBxI10L_t_3hwLJyk/s400/Figure+4+tooth+wear+rates+species.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Linear regressions for predicting percent of dentine exposure in M3 from percent of dentine exposure in M1, for each species.</td></tr>
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Moreover, we performed analyses of covariance and General Linear Models to determine which factors explain dental macrowear variability (PDE in M3 as a dependent variable), and all of them do it. First, the PDE in M1 explained much of the variability of PDE in M3. In addition, those species with higher enamel thickness presented significantly lower PDE in M3 values. Also, with regard to diet, frugivorous species presented significantly lower PDE in M3 values than durophagous species. Finally, while Superfamily was a significant factor explaining PDE in M3 in this model, none of their categories (Hominoidea and Cercopithecoidea) were significant; although Cercopithecoidea primates present higher variability in their PDE distribution and slopes than Hominoidea.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBaZAa1NDNHvOkvAaC_I-UNZnOjTVO_zXmlRpEJn97GseaX7h-tWmaG5rYjHLgvWqr8MaYo7BhhjZwDWQx39aDVWIyMO4pqC7V9VAw-YP8_wUI1d7g9snSQStN_wKZFexxQXaphS70AVw/s1600/Figure+6+tooth+wear+rates+taxonomy+and+enamel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1063" data-original-width="1500" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhBaZAa1NDNHvOkvAaC_I-UNZnOjTVO_zXmlRpEJn97GseaX7h-tWmaG5rYjHLgvWqr8MaYo7BhhjZwDWQx39aDVWIyMO4pqC7V9VAw-YP8_wUI1d7g9snSQStN_wKZFexxQXaphS70AVw/s320/Figure+6+tooth+wear+rates+taxonomy+and+enamel.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Linear regressions for predicting percent of dentine exposure in M3 from percent of dentine exposure in M1, for both superfamilioes and considering enamel thickness (mm).</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Galbany J, Twahirwa JC, Baiges-Sotos L, Kane EE, Tuyisingize D, Kaleme P, Rwetsiba A, Bitariho R, Cranfield MR, Bromage TG, Mudakikwa A, Stoinski TS, Robbins MM, McFarlin SC (2019)<u> Dental macrowear in catarrhine primates: variability across species</u>. In: Schmidt C & Watson JT (Eds.) Dental wear in evolutionary and biocultural contexts. Academic Press.<br />
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<b>Abstract</b><br />
Tooth macrowear is caused by a cumulative loss of enamel and dentine, principally due to attrition and abrasion, reflecting the interaction between a species’ feeding behavior and its environment. However, comparative data that would allow delineating the contribution of each of these factors are lacking. The aim of this study is to examine molar tooth wear from different primates to determine which factors can explain its variability. We calculated percent of dentine exposure (PDE) as a proxy of tooth wear, measured from standard digital photographs (N=707) of wild specimens from 20 catarrhine primate species, living in different habitats and with different diets. Occlusal dental images were obtained from several osteologic collections and primate research sites. To compare these species, we calculated a PDE rate between molars (M3 versus M1). ANCOVA and General Linear Models showed that species differences in tooth wear rate can be explained by general diet categories, superfamily and enamel thickness. Frugivore species have significantly lower tooth wear rates than durophagous and folivore species, thick-enameled species exhibit lower tooth wear rates than thin-enameled species, and Cercopitecoidea primates express more variability in PDE than Hominoidea.<br />
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<b>Key words:</b> Tooth wear, Cercopithecoidea, Hominoidea, feeding ecology, aging, dentine exposure, enamel thickness.Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-87730424062026177602019-01-25T09:40:00.000+01:002019-01-25T09:43:33.666+01:00Cúspide de carabelli y variación morfométrica del diente<br />
Ya se han publicado las actas del XX Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Antropología Física, que se celebró en Barcelona en 2017, bajo el título: “La antropología física en la era de la genómica”. <a href="https://www.seaf.es/index.php/noticias/178-disponible-el-libro-de-actas-del-xx-congreso-de-la-seaf" target="_blank">Se pueden descargar el volumen en la web de la SEAF</a>.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU_bUxC5VMfA6tT5DERK7Ln55cA-9-6hFyArsmqx-TcQz0bcmWvSXDQ2v1rSqYiXwT5BrwOpvXzQY2nSuAnnAz979f_UeDvWSIvnsrRRpHBFQA8yXRmEv41nQMt4C3F4qMVivCiPdWkNE/s1600/portada+actas+congreso+SEAF+2018.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="422" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgU_bUxC5VMfA6tT5DERK7Ln55cA-9-6hFyArsmqx-TcQz0bcmWvSXDQ2v1rSqYiXwT5BrwOpvXzQY2nSuAnnAz979f_UeDvWSIvnsrRRpHBFQA8yXRmEv41nQMt4C3F4qMVivCiPdWkNE/s400/portada+actas+congreso+SEAF+2018.jpg" width="293" /></a></div>
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Entre los capítulos publicados, hemos participado en uno como autores:<br />
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Romero A, Torrijo-Boix S, Gómez-Torres MJ, Galbany J & Pérez-Pérez A (2018) Cúspide de carabelli y variación morfométrica del diente. In: Malgosa Morera A & Aluja París MP (Eds.), La antropología física en la era de la genómica. Actas del XX Congreso de la Sociedad Española de Antropología Física. Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Pp. 346-352.<br />
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RESUMEN<br />
El modelo de morfogénesis dental predice que la señalización molecular en gérmenes dentales de mamíferos se relaciona con la variación en el número de cúspides. El Carabelli es una cúspide mesiolingual extra que emerge del protocono y muestra un carácter útil que podría vincularse con el modelo de cascada de patrones de la morfogénesis de la corona dental. Trabajos previos encuentran que los dientes con una menor distancia entre cúspides relativa al tamaño de la corona exhiben un Carabelli de mayor tamaño. Sin embargo, estos modelos no analizan poblaciones europeas con frecuencias más altas de marcada expresión de la cúspide. Para este trabajo se obtuvieron réplicas dentales in vivo de alta resolución en individuos adultos de ambos sexos. La frecuencia y el grado de expresión de la cúspide de Carabelli fueron registrados a partir de una escala ordinal en ausencia, leve expresión y presencia en 335 primeros molares maxilares permanentes (M1) y se midieron las áreas de los dientes y las distancia entre cúspides a partir de imágenes digitales oclusales. De acuerdo con predicciones previas, encontramos que la expresión del Carabelli depende inversamente de la distancia promedio inter-cuspal. No se encontraron efectos estadísticamente significativos en relación al dimorfismo sexual. Sin embargo, el efecto significativo de la distancia promedio entre cúspides con respecto al área de la corona se predice por la variabilidad interindividual. Nuestros resultados sugieren que el modelo de morfogénesis dental y la expresión de Carabelli deben estar relacionados con los orígenes de la población y su desarrollo dental particular.<br />
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Palabras clave: morfometría, diente, cúspide Carabelli, morfogénesis.<br />
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<br />Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-66337942586292896392018-12-12T09:50:00.000+01:002019-01-25T09:41:08.944+01:00Morphological variation and covariation in mandibular molars of platyrrhine primates<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmor.20907" target="_blank">New publication at the Journal of Morphology</a> on molar shape variation and covariation in platyrrhine primates. In this article, <a href="http://www.microwear.org/m-nova-delgado.php" target="_blank">Mónica Nova Delgado</a> and coauthors used Geometric Morphometric methods in a large sample of molars, combined with phylogenetic data, to explore if platyrrhine molar diversity reflects homogeneous patterns of molar variation and covariation.<br />
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The obtained results show that all platyrrhine primates have a common molar shape pattern suggesting that a relatively low degree of phenotypic variation is caused by convergent evolution, although molar shape carries significant phylogenetic signal.<br />
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Also, the levels of integration between the first and second molars are likely influenced by diverse selective pressures. Clades with biomechanical constraints tend to have molars with stronger levels of integration and low variation across the first two molars. By contrast, molars with low levels of integration exhibit a distinct ecological signal, showing high variation and a relative trend toward modularity. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYyxJais__lOx2SqhTLzYjrvWr8ahy7JojJ8HWL3O_xsbOcCdS0VLe4omyof4R8X9hzyCWesRHNyAvAwWhiPfP955-AZSwjHAztwdSD_PyHsmIOrwvdkY0O-s-HKevi7yu6Nv_-S_pwyE/s1600/howling+monkeys.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="638" data-original-width="913" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjYyxJais__lOx2SqhTLzYjrvWr8ahy7JojJ8HWL3O_xsbOcCdS0VLe4omyof4R8X9hzyCWesRHNyAvAwWhiPfP955-AZSwjHAztwdSD_PyHsmIOrwvdkY0O-s-HKevi7yu6Nv_-S_pwyE/s640/howling+monkeys.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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Many of the samples used in this study were obtained by molding teeth from original primate specimens from the “<a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu_Nacional_(Rio_de_Janeiro)" target="_blank">Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro</a>”, which was heavily damaged on September 2, 2018, by a large fire.<br />
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<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jmor.20907" target="_blank">Nova Delgado M, Pérez-Pérez A & Galbany J (2019) <u>Morphological variation and covariation in mandibular molars of platyrrhine primates</u>. Journal of Morphology 280:20-34.</a><br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXpKNm3nO4I9x6LWLsdgSv-wjbNaSfmsQEsu7_6LTFXy3pEZC5ZCiuhtMuzpdBcAvJ_jfVHmQ1VFfp8Mo9PGLu4K6I-X4ilkebJhPFLLbPDzmGb80J1OIsATqEGfnoXB2hIltVNhRIupo/s1600/Figure+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="718" data-original-width="1000" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiXpKNm3nO4I9x6LWLsdgSv-wjbNaSfmsQEsu7_6LTFXy3pEZC5ZCiuhtMuzpdBcAvJ_jfVHmQ1VFfp8Mo9PGLu4K6I-X4ilkebJhPFLLbPDzmGb80J1OIsATqEGfnoXB2hIltVNhRIupo/s640/Figure+1.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Two-dimensional landmark configuration used in the geometric morphometric analysis</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieddjvOhK4_WwUCpJyZhzO_z1io_c_mwEgfaHg4Zsf9Uoquk7ZUrezLxmQdT8DrkQ7ishC2ESHVmb3ZK__NMsQq3pbN9dXorBd16jYu-yTiX0MIjBMfve6gUnYnwnBQuRWTLEMsj1CISg/s1600/Figure+3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="928" data-original-width="1000" height="592" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEieddjvOhK4_WwUCpJyZhzO_z1io_c_mwEgfaHg4Zsf9Uoquk7ZUrezLxmQdT8DrkQ7ishC2ESHVmb3ZK__NMsQq3pbN9dXorBd16jYu-yTiX0MIjBMfve6gUnYnwnBQuRWTLEMsj1CISg/s640/Figure+3.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Tree topology mapped onto the first two principal component (PC) axes</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<b>ABSTRACT</b><br />
Molars are highly integrated biological structures that have been used for inferring evolutionary relationships among taxa. However, parallel and convergent morphological traits can be affected by developmental and functional constraints. Here, we analyze molar shapes of platyrrhines in order to explore if platyrrhine molar diversity reflects homogeneous patterns of molar variation and covariation. We digitized 30 landmarks on mandibular first and second molars of 418 extant and 11 fossil platyrrhine specimens to determine the degree of integration of both molars when treated as a single module. We combined morphological and phylogenetic data to investigate the phylogenetic signal and to visualize the history of molar shape changes. All platyrrhine taxa show a common shape pattern suggesting that a relatively low degree of phenotypic variation is caused by convergent evolution, although molar shape carries significant phylogenetic signal. Atelidae and Pitheciidae show high levels of integration with low variation between the two molars, whereas the Cebinae/Saimiriinae, and especially Callitrichinae, show greater variation between molars and trend toward a modular organization. We hypothesize that biomechanical constraints of the masticatory apparatus, and the dietary profile of each taxon are the main factors that determine high covariation in molars. In contrast, low molar shape covariation may result from the fact that each molar exhibits a distinct ecological signal, as molars can be exposed to distinct occlusal loadings during food processing, suggesting that different selective pressures on molars can reduce overall molar integration.<br />
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<b>Key words</b>: Molar morphology, modularity, integration, phylogenetic signal.Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-83943079151584321422018-10-23T19:14:00.000+02:002019-01-25T09:41:22.283+01:00Incisor tooth wear and age determination in mountain gorillas from Volcanoes National Park, RwandaA new article on incisor tooth wear has been published at the American Journal of Physical Anthropology. In this research we measured the crown height of all permanent incisors as a proxy for incisal macrowear, in mountain gorilla skeletal specimens originally from Volcanoes National Park (Rwanda), that during their lives were subject to long-term observational studies by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International’s Karisoke Research Center. We found that age decreased significantly with incisor height for all teeth, but the upper first incisors (I<sup>1</sup>) provided the best results, both for males and females. When the best age equations for each sex were applied to gorillas with probable identifications, the predicted ages differed 1.58 and 3.33 years from the probable ages of these individuals. Our findings corroborate that incisor crown height varies predictably with age, and this relationship can be used to estimate age at death of unknown gorillas in the skeletal collection, and in some cases, to corroborate the identity of individual gorillas recovered from the forest postmortem at an advanced state of decomposition. Such identifications help fill gaps in the demographic database, and support research that requires individual-level data.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA4sjjuv8BJlJ1_0Cdq8l7K0MOje2a9NIiU_QJ8sbnO1JS37QxnEOqL3d5AOrgh5zwjwso6no2iBz3SBU_4r6WiKaV8ti3rQa2VG55rNXhdn1OeC5mq20hGtfVWM91H1ptRExY3x-B3yo/s1600/Gorilla+teeth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="998" data-original-width="1500" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjA4sjjuv8BJlJ1_0Cdq8l7K0MOje2a9NIiU_QJ8sbnO1JS37QxnEOqL3d5AOrgh5zwjwso6no2iBz3SBU_4r6WiKaV8ti3rQa2VG55rNXhdn1OeC5mq20hGtfVWM91H1ptRExY3x-B3yo/s640/Gorilla+teeth.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; text-align: center;">
<span lang="EN-GB">Mountain gorilla showing teeth (PhotoCredit: Jordi Galbany)</span></div>
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This research is included in the “<a href="https://cashp.columbian.gwu.edu/hard-tissue-biology-resources" target="_blank">Mountain Gorilla Skeletal Project</a>”, a collaborative and multidisciplinary effort, with two main objectives: (I) to assist the Rwanda national parks authorities in the recovery and curation of skeletal remains of deceased mountain gorillas from Volcanoes National Park and help build local capacity for their long-term preservation as a scientific and educational resource in the country; and (II) to conduct skeletal research on these materials to improve our understanding of the developmental biology, life history and health of mountain gorillas, for the insights this can provide into their evolutionary and conservation biology.<br />
<br />
This project is co-led by <a href="http://anthropology.columbian.gwu.edu/shannon-mcfarlin" target="_blank">Dr. Shannon McFarlin</a> of <a href="http://www.gwu.edu/" target="_blank">The George Washington University</a> and Dr. Antoine Mudakikwa of the <a href="http://rdb.rw/" target="_blank">Rwanda Development Board</a>'s Department of Tourism and Conservation, with core scientific partners from <a href="http://gorillafund.org/" target="_blank">Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International</a> (Karisoke Research Center), <a href="http://www.gorilladoctors.org/" target="_blank">Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project (Gorilla Doctors)</a>, Institute of National Museums of Rwanda, and New York University College of Dentistry. <br />
The collaboration has also benefited greatly from the contributions of other scientists from the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and the University of Indianapolis, and funding from the National Geographic Society's Committee for Exploration and Research, The Leakey Foundation, and National Science Foundation.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiEjncsxWya-rlgCoXs4WGIweVKiaXfP0zhJR2PSe8hzRC4tRtkfEcaG8Qj7j40qZ-BMxzVzfJwUmiyBuyHtwUEr051gZcGgb39qI4JmTU3r41fafNZOb96yE2-larKIASFOttyolQs0I/s1600/Figure+incisor+height+mountain+gorilla.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="629" data-original-width="900" height="443" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhiEjncsxWya-rlgCoXs4WGIweVKiaXfP0zhJR2PSe8hzRC4tRtkfEcaG8Qj7j40qZ-BMxzVzfJwUmiyBuyHtwUEr051gZcGgb39qI4JmTU3r41fafNZOb96yE2-larKIASFOttyolQs0I/s640/Figure+incisor+height+mountain+gorilla.jpg" width="640" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Linear and quadratic regressions, for mountain gorilla males and females respectively, to predict age from upper first incisor height. 95% Prediction Intervals are also represented.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ajpa.23720" target="_blank">Galbany J, Muhire T, Vecellio V, Mudakikwa A, Nyiramana A, Cranfield MR, Stoinski TS, McFarlin SC (2018) Incisor tooth wear and age determination in mountain gorillas from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. <i>American Journal of Physical Anthropology</i> 167:930-935.</a><br />
<br />
<b>ABSTRACT</b><br />
<b>Objectives:</b> Ecological factors, but also tooth-to-tooth contact over time, have a dramatic effect on tooth wear in primates. The aim of this study is to test whether incisor tooth wear changes predictably with age, and can thus be used as an age estimation method in a wild population of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei) from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda.<br />
<br />
<b>Methods:</b> In mountain gorillas of confidently-known chronological age (N=24), we measured the crown height of all permanent maxillary and mandibular incisors (I<sup>1</sup>, I<sub>1</sub>, I<sup>2</sup>, I<sub>2</sub>) as a proxy for incisal macrowear. Linear and quadratic regressions for each incisor were used to test whether age can be predicted by crown height. Using these models, we then predicted age at death of two individual mountain gorillas of probable identifications, based on their incisor crown height.<br />
<br />
<b>Results:</b> Age decreased significantly with incisor height for all teeth, but the upper first incisors (I<sup>1</sup>) provided the best results, with lowest Akaike’s Information Criterion corrected for small sample size (AICc) and lowest Standard Error of the Estimate (SEE). When the best age equations for each sex were applied to gorillas with probable identifications, the predicted ages differed 1.58 and 3.33 years from the probable ages of these individuals.<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusions: </b>Our findings corroborate that incisor crown height, a proxy for incisal wear, varies predictably with age. This relationship can be used to estimate age at death of unknown gorillas in the skeletal collection, and in some cases, to corroborate the identity of individual gorillas recovered from the forest postmortem at an advanced state of decomposition. Such identifications help fill gaps in the demographic database, and support research that requires individual-level data.<br />
<br />
<b>Keywords: </b>Incisor height, aging, <i>Gorilla beringei beringei</i>, VirungaJordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-90858690880430608792017-10-27T08:14:00.000+02:002019-01-25T09:41:38.128+01:00Buccal dental-microwear and dietary ecology in a free-ranging population of mandrillsAnother article on dental microwear in mandrills was published, also in the framework of the <a href="http://www.projetmandrillus.com/" target="_blank">Mandrillus Project</a> directed by <a href="https://mariecharpentier.weebly.com/" target="_blank">Marie Charpentier</a>. In this case, Alice Percher and colleagues studied their buccal dental microwear variability in relation with feeding ecology, taking into account the seasonality, for a better understanding of the processes involved in the formation of dental microwear patterns, which remain poorly understood and sometimes contradictory.<br />
<br />
<br />
<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0186870" target="_blank">Percher AM, Romero A, Galbany J, Nsi Akoue G, Pérez-Pérez A, Charpentier MJE (2017) Buccal dental-microwear and dietary ecology in a free-ranging population of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) from southern Gabon. PLoS ONE12(10): e0186870</a> (Open access)<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTJIRWKWI97vs0bgzTZJ5GQTf18Iuy3uGolE3O5WSzdqr8J4R688Mr02CG2KhQnq_lcIhc4LZTst7PGYKlKPHs3xGq6dDP9k7qvWKZGJv19iEWgvygBn9Ceg9yFjY_DPJeMv2KX-XnwFA/s1600/pic6-juvenile-nory-el-ksabi_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1100" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTJIRWKWI97vs0bgzTZJ5GQTf18Iuy3uGolE3O5WSzdqr8J4R688Mr02CG2KhQnq_lcIhc4LZTst7PGYKlKPHs3xGq6dDP9k7qvWKZGJv19iEWgvygBn9Ceg9yFjY_DPJeMv2KX-XnwFA/s400/pic6-juvenile-nory-el-ksabi_orig.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Juvenile mandrill feeding. PhotoCredit: Nory El Ksabi - Mandrillus Project</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyPZRF5Jq9xB4m6oTdwZ2C8M6GqbyD_uaSlSt7VzEGWz0omHYdgsWK4nLbMkPp2ss9zZoAJ_3QZ33YC8JoCi2ti7VrohGJP5TYukaOEBPVCCrrRNZ5sHnHDK5g4uFv5FSC8xUutiRJspA/s1600/Fig+microwear+mandrill.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="596" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyPZRF5Jq9xB4m6oTdwZ2C8M6GqbyD_uaSlSt7VzEGWz0omHYdgsWK4nLbMkPp2ss9zZoAJ_3QZ33YC8JoCi2ti7VrohGJP5TYukaOEBPVCCrrRNZ5sHnHDK5g4uFv5FSC8xUutiRJspA/s400/Fig+microwear+mandrill.jpg" width="396" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Buccal enamel tooth surfaces of mandrills from the studied population. These SEM micrographs show different microwear patterns with different degree of features and artifacts</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
Our results shown that dental microwear pattern variability can be explained by sex, season and age. The seasonal variation detected in mandrills suggests that turnover rates in this population may be larger than those described before in human populations, possibly in relation to different feeding ecologies.<br />
<br />
We conclude that buccal dental microwear patterns are informative regarding general changes in mandrills’ diet, although we need now to confirm our assumptions using more direct analyses of the relationships between an individual’s feeding behavior and its microwear patterns as well as the study of mechanical analyses of the food items consumed and individual’s jaw kinematics.<br />
<br />
<b>ABSTRACT</b><br />
Analyses of dental micro- and macro-wear offer valuable information about dietary adaptations. The buccal surface of the teeth does not undergo attrition, indicating that dental microwear may directly inform about food properties. Only a few studies have, however, investigated the environmental and individual factors involved in the formation of such microwear in wild animals. Here, we examine variation of buccal microwear patterns of mandibular molars in a large free-ranging population of mandrills (<i>Mandrillus sphinx</i>). We first explore the influence of seasonality and individual’s sex, age and tooth macrowear–expressed as the percent of dentine exposure (PDE)–on six microwear variables. Second, we analyze the interplay between individual’s diet and PDE. In a last analysis, we revisit our results on mandrills in the light of other primate’s microwear studies. We show that the average buccal scratch length and the frequency of vertical buccal scratches are both higher during the long dry season compared to the long rainy season, while we observe the inverse relationship for disto-mesial scratches. In addition, females present more disto-mesial scratches than males and older individuals present higher scratch density, a greater proportion of horizontal scratches but a lower proportion of vertical scratches than young animals. PDE yields similar results than individual’s age confirming earlier results in this population on the relationship between age and tooth macrowear. Because seasonality and individual characteristics are both known to impact mandrills’ diet in the study population, our results suggest that buccal microwear patterns may inform about individual feeding strategies. Furthermore, PDE increases with the consumption of potentially abrasive monocotyledonous plants, independently of the individuals’ age, although it is not affected by food mechanical properties. Finally, buccal scratch densities by orientation appear as relevant proxies for discriminating between different primate taxa.Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-84332515766870851662017-10-09T18:23:00.004+02:002018-09-13T09:32:21.784+02:00Dental microwear textural analysis as an analytical tool to depict individual traits and reconstruct the diet of a primateWe just published a new article, included in the <a href="http://www.projetmandrillus.com/" target="_blank">Mandrillus Project</a> -directed by <a href="http://mariecharpentier.weebly.com/" target="_blank">Marie Charpentier</a>-, about dental microwear texture analysis and diet in wild mandrills, by Alice Percher and colleagues.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23337/full" target="_blank">Percher AM, Merceron G, Nsi Akoue G, Galbany J, Romero A, Charpentier MJ. Dental microwear textural analysis as an analytical tool to depict individual traits and reconstruct the diet of a primate. Am J Phys Anthropol. 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.23337</a><br />
<br />
We concluded that dental microwear textural parameters, especially anisotropy and complexity, are promising estimates of both the local environment and individual traits and may further contain useful information to determine the physical properties of a species’ preferred food items. Microwear data obtained on this natural population of mandrills may be used in future paleontological studies, for example to infer some aspects of the paleoecology of extinct Old World monkeys such as <i>Soromandrillus</i> or <i>Procercocebus</i> (Plio-Pleistocene, Olduvai Bed I, Tanzania), two extinct species phylogenetically close to mandrills. Ultimately, understanding the relationships between morphology and diet in living species is essential to reconstruct the feeding ecology from isolated dental material belonging either to extinct species or to cryptic animals.<br />
<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggGBp8CwH1R4D6uk-y1OjI20g-sWzGaFXyAk9dax-o2PqukO8iXEgC80WGhlApdz2SC7MndeC0des6jX6svBJ2opKfIjTgszFXzZod-kyk3ao0AZps26K4G-h0rXo6q7zTccz6WVjiZLE/s1600/pic4-juvenile-nory-el-ksabi_orig.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="736" data-original-width="1100" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEggGBp8CwH1R4D6uk-y1OjI20g-sWzGaFXyAk9dax-o2PqukO8iXEgC80WGhlApdz2SC7MndeC0des6jX6svBJ2opKfIjTgszFXzZod-kyk3ao0AZps26K4G-h0rXo6q7zTccz6WVjiZLE/s400/pic4-juvenile-nory-el-ksabi_orig.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Juvenile mandrill feeding. PhotoCredit: Nory El Ksabi - Mandrillus Project</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<b>Abstract<br />Objectives</b><br />
Dental microwear is a promising tool to reconstruct animals' diet because it reflects the interplay between the enamel surface and the food items recently consumed. This study examines the sources of inter-individual variations in dietary habits in a free-ranging population of mandrills (<i>Mandrillus sphinx</i>) using a combination of feeding monitoring and in vivo dental microwear textural analysis (DMTA).<br />
<br />
<b>Methods</b><br />
We investigated the impact of seasonality and individual traits on four DMTA parameters. In parallel, we further studied the influence of the physical properties of the food items consumed on these four parameters, using three proxies (mechanical properties, estimates of phytolith and external grit contents).<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQPiDC1an7dTV3qN6xlUnlT7oUxPivIHwDwzPWeVAgRR27qJXR413Y-pZ4hrborXPAyx8EDdcvBSuuz7IIFyjpRJsZgMsKLuvtFVccqS4iy0PCrWweWFzGqNwizwh0HyJQiVVMi7ZETy0/s1600/texture+analysis.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="886" data-original-width="761" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQPiDC1an7dTV3qN6xlUnlT7oUxPivIHwDwzPWeVAgRR27qJXR413Y-pZ4hrborXPAyx8EDdcvBSuuz7IIFyjpRJsZgMsKLuvtFVccqS4iy0PCrWweWFzGqNwizwh0HyJQiVVMi7ZETy0/s320/texture+analysis.jpg" width="274" /></a></div>
<b>Results</b><br />
We found that seasonality, age, and sex all impact DMTA parameters but those results differ depending on the facet analyzed (crushing vs. shearing facets). Three DMTA parameters (anisotropy, complexity, and heterogeneity of complexity) appear sensitive to seasonal variations and anisotropy also differs between the sexes while textural fill volume tends to vary with age. Moreover, the physical properties of the food items consumed vary seasonally and also differ depending on individual sex and age.<br />
<br />
<br />
<b>Conclusion</b><br />
Considering the interplay between the tested variables and both dental microwear and diet, we reaffirm that food physical properties play a major role in microwear variations. These results suggest that DMTA parameters may provide valuable hints for paleoecological reconstruction using fragmentary fossil dental remains.<br />
<br />
<b>Keywords</b><br />
Dental Microwear Textural Analysis (DMTA), feeding ecology, <i>Mandrillus sphinx</i>, seasonalityJordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com4tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-32205326784256859532017-03-28T20:59:00.001+02:002017-03-29T08:08:07.493+02:00Buccal dental microwear texture and catarrhine dietsNew article on dental microwear texture analyses in African catarrhine species and its relation to feeding ecology, published at the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, by <a href="http://www.microwear.org/andr%C3%A9s-aliaga.php" target="_blank">Andrés Aliaga-Martínez</a> and colleagues.<br />
<br />
We have concluded that buccal dental microwear texture results obtained are highly consistent both with the SEM buccal microwear pattern observed in the same specimens and with the occlusal microwear texture results reported for the same taxa. Such results suggest on one hand that buccal microwear pattern analysis is not a matter of belief and, on the other hand, that both 2D and 3D microwear proxies reflect the same causes of microwear variability, namely the feeding ecology and dietary behavior of the primate species studied.<br />
<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZnEVBc84vNAEm_G0gnJoqz1X0hyqs-pPq15jb7-uTAHZlv300fbFWOQqMR4sXlGOjoUiZ-YgovZPT-rGF2NHEtt5ywUdaWoLGr1FwZQFlX1BH47f1G5YA2HKE6_MtdyJzFWPZiMqpFCM/s1600/Gorilla.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZnEVBc84vNAEm_G0gnJoqz1X0hyqs-pPq15jb7-uTAHZlv300fbFWOQqMR4sXlGOjoUiZ-YgovZPT-rGF2NHEtt5ywUdaWoLGr1FwZQFlX1BH47f1G5YA2HKE6_MtdyJzFWPZiMqpFCM/s400/Gorilla.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Mountain gorilla feeding on leaves (PhotoCredit: Jordi Galbany)</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsMZYbXcTKX0vffLcCsDBxZWzsKoIOk7xu2SRQHQVeggZqjZmfe0f6ONBS729Qwhw9UX6uC2c1nBTCPLQ7G8OhLKuMjf5ehptoGDlVHjVXjMbrw7I8QX-d2txFnwLescIRHSB2P9q5O3g/s1600/Primate+microwear+texture.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="297" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgsMZYbXcTKX0vffLcCsDBxZWzsKoIOk7xu2SRQHQVeggZqjZmfe0f6ONBS729Qwhw9UX6uC2c1nBTCPLQ7G8OhLKuMjf5ehptoGDlVHjVXjMbrw7I8QX-d2txFnwLescIRHSB2P9q5O3g/s400/Primate+microwear+texture.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Photosimulations of buccal microwear surfaces. (A) <i>Papio anubis</i>, (B) <i>Pan troglodytes verus</i>, (C) <i>Colobus polykomos</i>, (D) <i>Gorilla g. gorilla</i>. Each image is 138 μm × 102 μm recorded with a 100× magnification lens. Note the variation in scratch feature densities between species.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.23219/full" target="_blank">Aliaga-Martínez A, Romero A, Galbany J, Hernández-Aguilar RA, Pérez-Pérez A (2017) Buccal dental microwear texture and catarrhine diets. Am J Phys Anthropol. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23219.</a><br />
<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Objectives: Two-dimensional dental microwear analyses on occlusal and nonocclusal enamel<br />
surfaces have been widely applied to reconstruct the feeding behaviors of extant primates and to infer ecological adaptations in fossil hominins. To date, analyses of dental microwear texture, using three-dimensional, Scale-Sensitive Fractal Analysis approaches has only been applied to occlusal surfaces. Here, for the first time, we apply this 3D proxy to buccal enamel surfaces of catarrhine primates of known feeding ecologies to assess the utility of nonocclusal microwear texture variables as indicators of dietary habits.<br />
<br />
Materials and Methods: Buccal microwear texture attributes were collected from high-resolution second molar casts in a sample of seven extant African catarrhine taxa with differing dietary behaviors. A white-light confocal microscope with a 100X objective lens was used to record six microwear texture variables that assess complexity, anisotropy, heterogeneity, and textural fill volume.<br />
<br />
Results: The physical properties and variation in hardness of ingested foods is reflected by significant differences in the microwear variables on buccal enamel surfaces between species, which is in agreement with early reports using 2D microwear signatures of the same samples. Species that consume hard brittle items showed high buccal enamel complexity and low anisotropy values, while folivorous species that consume tough foods revealed high anisotropy and low complexity enamel patterns.<br />
<br />
Discussion: Buccal microwear texture analysis on enamel surfaces clearly reflects diet-related variation in nonhuman primates. Our findings indicate that microwear texture attributes on nonworking enamel surfaces provide an alternative procedure for reconstructing dietary behavior when wear facets on occlusal surfaces are lacking.<br />
<br />
KEYWORDS<br />
buccal enamel, dental ecology, diet, microwear texture, primatesJordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-81161265878536030462017-02-27T12:00:00.000+01:002017-02-27T14:37:29.085+01:00The diet of the first Europeans from Atapuerca<b>We analyzed for the first time the diet of the <i>Homo antecessor</i> with the study of the microscopic traces left by abrasive particles of food on dental enamel surfaces </b><br />
<br />
<b>According to the new study, published in the scientific journal Scientific Reports, the<i> Homo antecessor</i> processed and consumed food differently from Lower Pleistocene hominines</b><br />
<br />
<b>The dietary pattern of the <i>Homo antecessor</i> could be related to an environment with significant fluctuations in climate and food availability</b><br />
<br />
The <i>Homo antecessor</i>, a hominin species that inhabited the Iberian Peninsula around 800,000 years ago, would have a mechanically more demanding diet than other hominin species in Europe and the African continent. This unique pattern, which would be characterized by the consumption of hard and abrasive foods, may be explained by the differences in food processing in a very demanding environment with fluctuations in climate and food resources, according to a study published in the journal Scientific Reports and led by a team from the Faculty of Biology of the University of Barcelona, the Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution (IPHES) and the University of Alicante.<br />
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This new research, which reveals for the first time the evidence on the diet of these hominines with the study of the microscopic traces left by food in the dental enamel, counts with the participation of the researchers <a href="http://www.microwear.org/a-perez-perez.php" target="_blank">Alejandro Pérez-Pérez</a> and his team, formed by the doctors <a href="http://www.microwear.org/lm-martinez.php" target="_blank">Laura Martínez</a>, Ferran Estebaranz, and Beatriz Pinilla (UB), <a href="https://sites.google.com/site/marinalozanoruiz/home" target="_blank">Marina Lozano</a> (Catalan Institute of Human Paleoecology and Social Evolution, IPHES), <a href="http://www.microwear.org/alejandro-romero.php" target="_blank">Alejandro Romero</a> (University of Alicante), Jordi Galbany (George Washington University, USA) and the co-directors of Atapuerca, José María Bermúdez de Castro (National Research Centre on Human Evolution, CENIEH), Eudald Carbonell (IPHES) and Juan Luís Arsuaga (Universidad Complutense de Madrid).<br />
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Prior to this research, the diet of the hominines of the Lower Pleistocene of Atapuerca (Burgos, Spain), our most remote European ancestors, had been inferred from animal remains –a great variety of large mammals and even turtles– found in the same levels in which the human remains were found. Evidence of cannibalism has also been suggested in some of these fossils.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV-kxwf5-d8RG_ZPXJ_jOqFTyjO8Fl_QOc6fUOUusEAvo-o1pX8xdKcBOk6m49cQOrVVzIRZjnPOefHKKcdP2trZBOFauwgrpMPA0VcLG4EvsM5yBmJEUOIVYjUZRIIXBcpRjdmcB-xYc/s1600/Homo_antecessor_female.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhV-kxwf5-d8RG_ZPXJ_jOqFTyjO8Fl_QOc6fUOUusEAvo-o1pX8xdKcBOk6m49cQOrVVzIRZjnPOefHKKcdP2trZBOFauwgrpMPA0VcLG4EvsM5yBmJEUOIVYjUZRIIXBcpRjdmcB-xYc/s400/Homo_antecessor_female.jpg" width="237" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Model of a female <i>Homo antecessor</i> of Atapuerca practicing cannibalism (Ibeas Museum, Burgos, Spain)<br />
Photocredit: Jose Luis Martínez Álvarez (Asturias, Spain)</td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><br /></td></tr>
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<b>Foods that leave a mark on the enamel</b><br />
The study is based on the analysis of the buccal microwear pattern of the fossils from Trinchera Elefante and Gran Dolina in the Atapuerca site. The examined microwear features are small marks on the buccal teeth enamel surface , whose density and length depend on the types of chewed food. "The usefulness of this methodology has been proved by the study of the microwear patterns of present populations, both hunter-gatherer and agricultural, showing that different feeding patterns correlate with specific microwear patterns in the vestibular surface of the dental crown", explains Professor Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, professor at the Zoology and Biological Anthropology Unit at the Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences at the University of Barcelona. <br />
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In the new study, the Atapuerca fossils have been compared with samples from other Lower Pleistocene populations: with fossils of the African <i>Homo ergaster</i>, ancestors of all Europeans dated from 1.8 million years ago; and also with <i>Homo heidelbergensis</i>, which appeared more than 500,000 years ago in Europe and lasted until at least 200,000 years ago, and finally with <i>Homo neanderthalensis</i>, specimens from the Iberian Peninsula that lived between 200,000 and 40,000 years ago.<br />
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<b>Higher striation densities in <i>Homo antecessor</i></b><br />
The results of the study show that the teeth of <i>H. antecessor</i> show higher striation densities than the rest of the analyzed species. "Our findings do not allow us to say exactly what foods they ate, since the abrasive materials that cause the marks on the teeth may have different origins, but they do allow us to point out that <i>H. antecessor</i> would have had a diet largely based on hard and abrasive foods, such as plants containing phytoliths (which are silica particles produced by plants that are as hard as enamel), tubers with traces of soil particles, collagen or connective tissue and bone or raw meat”, says the researcher.<br />
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The researchers suggest that differences in the Gran Dolina microwear patterns among the compared samples could reflect cultural differences in the way food was processed. "Hunting and gathering activities are consistent with the highly-abrasive wear pattern we have encountered, but it is very difficult to think that the available food in the Atapuerca area was very different from that available to other hunter-gatherer hominins. Therefore, it would be the different ways of processing the food that would give rise to these differences in the dental microwear patterns. That is to say, they obtained, processed and consumed the food in different ways", explains Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, who leads a team that has also applied this methodology in the study of feeding behaviors of the hominins of the Pleistocene of East Africa, including the species <i>Paranthropus boisei </i>and <i>Homo habilis</i>.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4oR0sPNeL6vKGJU14gVJNyJCBV8UV2cG_SpLZTpuzAyQFTGfLTsLyvhjkMdDXrPeAT4uHw1v53CIlYHfpTsJsHloUu341Zclg8G4Yjhs3hoGme-VMBVdNDQp0jjhHrmD9-aMSzS6hrYM/s1600/Dietary+abrasiveness+Atapuerca.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="355" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi4oR0sPNeL6vKGJU14gVJNyJCBV8UV2cG_SpLZTpuzAyQFTGfLTsLyvhjkMdDXrPeAT4uHw1v53CIlYHfpTsJsHloUu341Zclg8G4Yjhs3hoGme-VMBVdNDQp0jjhHrmD9-aMSzS6hrYM/s400/Dietary+abrasiveness+Atapuerca.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Buccal microwear pattern variability of the studied fossil groups</td></tr>
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<b>A more primitive lithic industry</b><br />
This pattern of great abrasiveness, observed on the enamel teeth surfaces in Gran Dolina contrasts with what has been observed in the compared species in the study. "Unlike <i>H. neanderthalensis</i>, which had a more advanced lithic industry (called Mode 3 or Mousterian), the tools that have been found related to <i>Homo antecessor</i> are primitive (Mode 1). These industries would not facilitate food processing, as also suggested by evidence that they used teeth to chew bones. In addition, the lack of evidence of the use of fire in Atapuerca suggests that they would surely eat everything raw, causing more dental wear, including plant foods, meat, tendons or skin.<br />
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For the researchers, a diet with a high meat consumption could have evolutionary implications. "Meat in the diet could have contributed to the necessary energy gain to sustain a large brain like that of <i>H. antecessor</i>, with a brain volume of approximately 1,000 cubic centimeters, compared to the 764 of <i>H. ergaster</i>, but it would also represent a significant source of food in a highly demanding environment where preferred foods, such as ripe fruits and tender vegetables, would vary seasonally".<br />
The research contributes significantly to the better understanding of the dietary adaptations of our ancestors and highlights the importance of the ecological and cultural factors that have conditioned our biological evolution.<br />
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<a href="http://www.nature.com/articles/srep43319" target="_blank">A Pérez-Pérez, M Lozano, A Romero, LM Martínez, J Galbany, B Pinilla, F Estebaranz, JM Bermúdez de Castro, E Carbonell & JL Arsuaga (2017) The diet of the first Europeans from Atapuerca. Scientific Reports 43319.</a><br />
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<b>Abstract</b><br />
Hominin dietary specialization is crucial to understanding the evolutionary changes of craniofacial biomechanics and the interaction of food processing methods’ effects on teeth. However, the dietrelated dental wear processes of the earliest European hominins remain unknown because most of the academic attention has focused on Neandertals. Non-occlusal dental microwear provides direct evidence of the effect of chewed food particles on tooth enamel surfaces and reflects dietary signals over time. Here, we report for the first time the direct effect of dietary abrasiveness as evidenced by the buccal microwear patterns on the teeth of the Sima del Elefante-TE9 and Gran Dolina-TD6 Atapuerca hominins (1.2–0.8 million years ago − Myr) as compared with other Lower and Middle Pleistocene populations. A unique buccal microwear pattern that is found in Homo antecessor (0.96–0.8 Myr), a well-known cannibal species, indicates dietary practices that are consistent with the consumption of hard and brittle foods. Our findings confirm that the oldest European inhabitants ingested more mechanically-demanding diets than later populations because they were confronted with harsh, fluctuating environmental conditions. Furthermore, the influence of grit-laden food suggests that a high-quality meat diet from butchering processes could have fueled evolutionary changes in brain size. Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-32265194600190926942016-11-16T20:13:00.001+01:002016-11-16T20:13:26.795+01:00Testing dietary hypotheses of East African hominines using buccal dental microwear dataIn the present research, “<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article/related?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165447" target="_blank">Testing dietary hypotheses of East African hominines using buccal dental microwear data</a>”, published in Plos One by <a href="http://www.microwear.org/lm-martinez.php" target="_blank">Laura M. Martínez</a> and coauthors, scratch densities and average lengths on teeth of <i>P. boisei</i>, <i>H. habilis</i> (early <i>Homo</i>), and <i>H. ergaster</i> specimens are studied. Their microwear patterns are compared to those of extant primate samples from both closed forests and open woodlands and to those of the previously studied hominins <i>Australopithecus anamensis</i> and <i>Australopithecus afarensis</i> specimens. The main goals are to test the contradictory interpretations derived from anatomical traits, occlusal microwear patterns and texture data, and isotopic evidence for the robust australopithecines from East Africa and to determine the significance of a carnivorous diet in the <i>Homo</i> clade.<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZKLoCOg_yCr8qgnk4f-fDg3_x1nJ7fSgsu_Oq54YZ34k5fuP7vaylrl2G0SjAfH26WBIjOmt0BI97o_q2ploM9eyHPqO0FpNJ0rFYPwWyvYa8AKkblQBBrPY13K77XGJ1Rdj4XA8sSxg/s1600/early+homo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZKLoCOg_yCr8qgnk4f-fDg3_x1nJ7fSgsu_Oq54YZ34k5fuP7vaylrl2G0SjAfH26WBIjOmt0BI97o_q2ploM9eyHPqO0FpNJ0rFYPwWyvYa8AKkblQBBrPY13K77XGJ1Rdj4XA8sSxg/s400/early+homo.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZyYkVA1TM1hXJEXSF_w_tEEQVP460EwA4zKieMCFu1x0phTXbpF8deJUUyoc8r8A2MhsnxjNzgeizN68vZyIRCnfs4s2uNW_jpe7qGwKuxHbhXRFohzkJDHGfDbnn8k86SHLh7sGfN4U/s1600/Paranth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiZyYkVA1TM1hXJEXSF_w_tEEQVP460EwA4zKieMCFu1x0phTXbpF8deJUUyoc8r8A2MhsnxjNzgeizN68vZyIRCnfs4s2uNW_jpe7qGwKuxHbhXRFohzkJDHGfDbnn8k86SHLh7sGfN4U/s400/Paranth.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Dioramas representing early <i>Homo</i> and <i>Paranthropus</i>, Nairobi National Museum - Kenya</td></tr>
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We concluded that patterns of buccal dental microwear striation are consistent with enamel microwear complexity and anisotropy described previously on occlusal dental surfaces in East African Lower Pleistocene <i>Paranthropus</i> specimens. However, our results do not support the dietary interpretations based on 13C stable isotopic ratios that suggest a significant consumption of C4 plant foods in open environments. Quite the contrary, the buccal microwear patterns suggest that the dietary habits of both <i>P. aethiopicus</i> and <i>P. boisei</i>, unlike early <i>Homo</i> and <i>H.ergaster</i>, did not involve chewing significant amounts of abrasive foods. Alternatively, consumption of non-abrasive, though brittle, C4-rich resources would be consistent with both occlusal and buccal microwear patterns, isotopic data, and anatomical adaptations in the paranthropine clade.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO-qxQTSvRkYKaLZExkypkvkvZj7XLeKi0-2H4hgCL0n5fdHVPUDBVblJxqlo_dgPXNT0pAWDCvRxtAg6cYhU2nTfho_7MQU9N8tcxCzO9NCyWe392Mxn4u1EixrPuz1QbHuRtF2VZZYA/s1600/journal.pone.0165447.g005.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="315" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO-qxQTSvRkYKaLZExkypkvkvZj7XLeKi0-2H4hgCL0n5fdHVPUDBVblJxqlo_dgPXNT0pAWDCvRxtAg6cYhU2nTfho_7MQU9N8tcxCzO9NCyWe392Mxn4u1EixrPuz1QbHuRtF2VZZYA/s400/journal.pone.0165447.g005.PNG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Plot of DF1 on DF2 derived from the Linear Discriminant Analysis of the hominines studied along with all the comparative samples.</td></tr>
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<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0165447" target="_blank">Martínez LM, Estebaranz-Sánchez F, Galbany J & Pérez-Pérez A (2016) Testing dietary hypotheses of East African hominines using buccal dental microwear data. PLoS ONE 11(11): e0165447. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0165447</a><br />
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ABSTRACT<br />
There is much debate on the dietary adaptations of the robust hominin lineages during the Pliocene-Pleistocene transition. It has been argued that the shift from C3 to C4 ecosystems in Africa was the main factor responsible for the robust dental and facial anatomical adaptations of <i>Paranthropus</i> taxa, which might be indicative of the consumption of fibrous, abrasive plant foods in open environments. However, occlusal dental microwear data fail to provide evidence of such dietary adaptations and are not consistent with isotopic evidence that supports greater C4 food intake for the robust clades than for the gracile australopithecines. We provide evidence from buccal dental microwear data that supports softer dietary habits than expected for <i>P. aethiopicus</i> and <i>P. boisei</i> based both on masticatory apomorphies and isotopic analyses. On one hand, striation densities on the buccal enamel surfaces of paranthropines teeth are low, resembling those of <i>H. habilis</i> and clearly differing from those observed on <i>H. ergaster</i>, which display higher scratch densities indicative of the consumption of a wide assortment of highly abrasive foodstuffs. Buccal dental microwear patterns are consistent with those previously described for occlusal enamel surfaces, suggesting that <i>Paranthropus</i> consumed much softer diets than previously presumed and thus calling into question a strict interpretation of isotopic evidence. On the other hand, the significantly high buccal scratch densities observed in the <i>H. ergaster</i> specimens are not consistent with a highly specialized, mostly carnivorous diet; instead, they support the consumption of a wide range of highly abrasive food items. Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-61455843052088383382016-11-08T18:24:00.001+01:002016-11-08T18:25:04.647+01:00Ciclo Evolución Humana<b>CICLO EVOLUCIÓN HUMANA</b><br />
Sede Universitaria Ciudad de Alicante<br />
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¿Qué somos los seres humanos? ¿Qué nos diferencia del resto de especies? ¿Cuál es nuestro origen? Estas y otras preguntas serán tratadas en este ciclo dedicado a difundir y divulgar las últimas investigaciones arqueológicas y antropológicas en relación con la evolución humana, así como las claves de nuestro desarrollo como especie a lo largo de más de 2 millones de años de evolución. <a href="https://web.ua.es/es/sedealicante/programa-de-actividades/2016-2017/jornadas-y-ciclos-de-conferencias/ciclo-evolucion-humana.html" target="_blank">Enlace original</a><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj73KZIVOzfaOQ8UICHb1TcDFEAhRs_-dnR4uufSUG2d6KlNEPkAibV7Ta4_LFIoP7GTmLUj12zYyCnxGK61WZlJyvp1aNRyWEuY-wi5zGfsrMt9zygrLlcaRgCNnsPD3vlXMypfeCytUw/s1600/ciclo+evolucion-humana.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj73KZIVOzfaOQ8UICHb1TcDFEAhRs_-dnR4uufSUG2d6KlNEPkAibV7Ta4_LFIoP7GTmLUj12zYyCnxGK61WZlJyvp1aNRyWEuY-wi5zGfsrMt9zygrLlcaRgCNnsPD3vlXMypfeCytUw/s1600/ciclo+evolucion-humana.jpg" /></a></div>
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<b>Calendario</b><br />
<u>Martes 15 noviembre de 2016</u><br />
LOS YACIMIENTOS ARQUEOLÓGICOS DEL SISTEMA KÁRSTICO DEL RÍO ALMONDA Y SUS FÓSILES: UNA VENTANA SOBRE MEDIO MILLÓN DE AÑOS DE EVOLUCIÓN HUMANA. <b>João Zilhão</b>, Profesor de Investigación ICREA, Departamento de Historia Antigua y Arqueología, Universidad de Barcelona.<br />
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<u>Martes 22 noviembre de 2016</u><br />
EL ORIGEN DEL ACHELENSE: EL CASO DE FLK WEST, OLDUVAI (TANZANIA). <b>Fernando Díez-Martín</b>, Departamento de Prehistoria y Arqueología, Universidad de Valladolid.<br />
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<u>Lunes 28 de noviembre de 2016</u><br />
DIETA Y EVOLUCIÓN HUMANA. <b>Alejandro Pérez-Pérez</b>, Departamento de Biología Evolutiva, Ecología y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Barcelona.<br />
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<u>Miércoles 30 de noviembre de 2016</u><br />
LO QUE SABEMOS, LO QUE CREEMOS QUE SABEMOS Y LO QUE NO SABEMOS SOBRE LA EVOLUCIÓN HUMANA. <b>Clive Finlayson</b>, Institute of Life and Earth Sciencies, University of Gibraltar y The Gibraltar Museum.<br />
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<b>Horario</b><br />
Las sesiones tendrán lugar a las 20:00 h.<br />
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<b>Lugar</b><br />
Sede Universitaria Ciudad de Alicante, C/ Ramón y Cajal, 4.<br />
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<b>Coordinan</b><br />
<a href="http://www.microwear.org/alejandro-romero.php" target="_blank">Alejandro Romero</a> y Francisco Javier Jover<br />
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<b>Organiza</b><br />
Sede Universitaria Ciudad de Alicante e Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Arqueología y Patrimonio Histórico (INAPH).Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-55474144414632264652016-09-12T10:25:00.000+02:002016-09-12T10:25:10.503+02:00Molar shape variability in platyrrhine primatesA new article came out at the Journal of Human Evolution on molar shape variability in platyrrhine primates. In this article, <a href="http://www.microwear.org/m%C3%B3nica-nova-delgado.php" target="_blank">Mónica Nova Delgado</a> and coauthors used Geometric Morphometric methods in a large sample of molars (802 individuals) in order to assess molar shape variability in platyrrhines, to explore patterns of interspecific variation among extant species, and to evaluate how molar shape can be used as a taxonomic indicator.<br /><br />We concluded that lower molar morphology was shown to carry different degrees of phylogenetic and functional signals depending on the taxa considered. Molar morphology in platyrrhines is shaped by multiple factors, including allometry, integration between face and dental traits, dietary adaptations, and phylogeny. The broad morphological overlap seen in unrelated taxa suggests that patterns of morphological variation can be greatly affected by convergence and parallel evolution linked to ecological adaptation, the most significant case being <i>Cebus</i>-<i>Sapajus</i> and the pitheciines. However, despite selective pressures affecting molar shape in diverse ways, it can still be used as a model for taxonomic assessment, which was especially informative within Cebidae and Pitheciidae. In all cases, M1 was shown to have a greater phylogenetic signal and may be interpreted as close to the ancestral condition, since it is more stable than M2 and has less phenotypic variation. Finally, the phylogenetic attribution of <i>Aotus</i> varied depending on the tooth analyzed, although some phenetic similarities between <i>Aotus</i> and <i>Callicebus</i> were observed.<br /><br /><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248416300860" target="_blank">Nova Delgado M, Galbany J & Pérez-Pérez A (2016) Molar shape variability in platyrrhine primates. Journal of Human Evolution 99:79-92.</a><br /><br />Abstract<br />
Recent phylogenetic analyses suggest that platyrrhines constitute a monophyletic group represented by three families: Cebidae, Atelidae, and Pitheciidae. Morphological variability between and within these three families, however, is widely discussed and debated. The aim of this study was to assess molar shape variability in platyrrhines, to explore patterns of interspecific variation among extant species, and to evaluate how molar shape can be used as a taxonomic indicator. The analyses were conducted using standard multivariate analyses of geometric morphometric data from 802 platyrrhine lower molars. The results indicated that the interspecific variation exhibited a highly homoplastic pattern related to functional adaptation of some taxa. However, phylogeny was also an important factor in shaping molar morphological traits, given that some phenotypic similarities were consistent with current phylogenetic positions. Our results show that the phylogenetic and functional signals of lower molar shape vary depending on the taxa and the tooth considered. Based on molar shape, <i>Aotus</i> showed closer similarities to <i>Callicebus</i>, as well as to some Cebidae and <i>Ateles</i>-<i>Lagothrix</i>, due to convergent evolutionary trends caused by similar dietary habits, or due to fast-evolving branches in the <i>Aotus</i> lineage, somewhat similar to the shape of <i>Callicebus</i> and Cebidae.<br />
<br />Keywords: Molar shape, Platyrrhines, Geometric morphometrics, Phylogeny<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjsq3-lKhg5T4AQG6XUf-Hza1CLkjUaPYLAPdH4Zpqs2LY4GEg9LqipbPhW1bFGrjmmP5h0qIPAw9kySMnImchZG95O_FTvNb-5krKFAxCjOf1DIALMfs-TKnWAgvQ_-Av1Nkn8CJHjTw/s1600/F1+teeth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="267" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjsq3-lKhg5T4AQG6XUf-Hza1CLkjUaPYLAPdH4Zpqs2LY4GEg9LqipbPhW1bFGrjmmP5h0qIPAw9kySMnImchZG95O_FTvNb-5krKFAxCjOf1DIALMfs-TKnWAgvQ_-Av1Nkn8CJHjTw/s400/F1+teeth.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Landmark configuration on M1 and M2 used in the geometric morphometrics
analyses. a) <i>Leontopithecus rosalia</i> 3925 MNRJ, b) <i>Alouatta ululata</i> 31325
MNRJ, and c) <i>Callicebus cupreus</i> 730 MZUSP.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJXMWUqjpjQuyLYfiDqVLC0HMsAFeUQAqor1rJztwF1ArissXAdjwbHa99eIiYk_jcS4YVmrml8rf7IRBA07alZZ67cy7x5ecGDdYBXO0MJjXqg_f6tz072Xr2kH0X4HkfTzPgtQp058/s1600/F2+tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiyJXMWUqjpjQuyLYfiDqVLC0HMsAFeUQAqor1rJztwF1ArissXAdjwbHa99eIiYk_jcS4YVmrml8rf7IRBA07alZZ67cy7x5ecGDdYBXO0MJjXqg_f6tz072Xr2kH0X4HkfTzPgtQp058/s400/F2+tree.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Principal components analysis (PCA) of M1 shape variability of
Platyrrhini. Grids indicate the deformations associated with the extreme
values on each principal component. b) Mapping of the phylogenetic
consensus tree obtained from the 10Ktree project onto the shape
variation in the first two principal components. c) Phenetic tree
inferred from Procrustes distances of morphological data.</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-33595214169923849432016-05-07T14:29:00.000+02:002016-05-08T10:02:48.713+02:00Morphometric variation of extant platyrrhine molars: taxonomic implications for fossil platyrrhines<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnSuGriBsSoqX1UaCLx6zvHXBL7B5p90a2X01zAz553BsVvH3affdTlnvJ0lFYSKwPIXy1DobCDLbCFMDJpI0ch5HFV0Qul6jYZfiDMZJIIM3AmSCjBtOAnxF0HkDXVC3jl4lS3mTCFOg/s1600/Spider+monkey+Klammeraffe-drawing.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjnSuGriBsSoqX1UaCLx6zvHXBL7B5p90a2X01zAz553BsVvH3affdTlnvJ0lFYSKwPIXy1DobCDLbCFMDJpI0ch5HFV0Qul6jYZfiDMZJIIM3AmSCjBtOAnxF0HkDXVC3jl4lS3mTCFOg/s320/Spider+monkey+Klammeraffe-drawing.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>
We have recently published a new article at PeerJ about tooth morphology variability in Platyrrhine primates, both extant and extinct. In this paper <a href="http://www.microwear.org/m%C3%B3nica-nova-delgado.php" target="_blank">Mónica Nova Delgado</a> and coauthors used Geometric Morphometric methods in a large sample of Platyrrhine molars (31 genus, 61 species, and 802 individuals) in order to develop a dental model based on molar shapes of M1 and M2 to explore phenotypic variation in extinct and extanct platyrrhines.<br />
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Our results showed that morphological stasis explains the low phenotypic changes in extinct and extant platyrrhine, probably due to ecological constraint, caused by phenotypic adaptation of platyrrhine in a relative narrow ecological niche. Early and Middle Miocene platyrrhines shared a relative similar shape pattern, while other patterns as <i>Alouatta</i>-like and <i>Pitheciinae</i>-like were incorpored in the Colombian fossils. The relation between both fossil samples could be due to: 1. All platyrrhine molar shapes share a primitive retention of the ancestral state. 2. An early divergence between two parallel shapes; a <i>Callicebus</i>-like and a <i>Saguinus</i>-like, which would be the ancestral precursors to all other forms. 3. A <i>Callicebus</i>-like and <i>Saguinus</i>-like morphology have also been seen in the early stem platyrrhines.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQLJ_HkD6R36hC4kJsv1EwCo4RQ8Bgle0wAYe6xAQmvoWRewAI8ZustPB17Qnm5peuoyHfiEZEXZn24EBgETsco1-A5brFxlQUQ-gLGC3p9XowYsth2LwlN6gLn6B998c-v-pbdJ5l7g8/s1600/Fig1-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="262" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgQLJ_HkD6R36hC4kJsv1EwCo4RQ8Bgle0wAYe6xAQmvoWRewAI8ZustPB17Qnm5peuoyHfiEZEXZn24EBgETsco1-A5brFxlQUQ-gLGC3p9XowYsth2LwlN6gLn6B998c-v-pbdJ5l7g8/s400/Fig1-001.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Set of landmarks used in the geometric morphometrics analyses. M2 of <i>Alouatta guariba</i>, and M1 of <i>Sapajus libidinosus</i> </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOW_5LS9MKhIvpSrvoPPvAolKRLiL3VpQDx5YYsNZWwJuHKtoZKDexyxI1Qcgwnsr1aCsCy8Rrotc8Jj1GaJ4plTjA6YqI775dUEIl0dfXy9FdO5k396f9fl4TWQGZTjfMkEpFfUK1Coc/s1600/Fig2-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgOW_5LS9MKhIvpSrvoPPvAolKRLiL3VpQDx5YYsNZWwJuHKtoZKDexyxI1Qcgwnsr1aCsCy8Rrotc8Jj1GaJ4plTjA6YqI775dUEIl0dfXy9FdO5k396f9fl4TWQGZTjfMkEpFfUK1Coc/s400/Fig2-001.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Scatterplot of the first two principal components (PCs) derived from the PCA of M1 shape variability of Platyrrhine</td></tr>
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkp7tFVMdTvvtm6oZCkBKde40TIsW3EpIFs0gAi5kS6BGlUgXt_dQ8NnmrAp7dlnAr3fv07dZcoXTQhZJ5RtZZVNNM0eYPuv2GmYNZV0Z8R3o_zI1DGwB1xAcwZPY9aKSLWarisKLLKWk/s1600/Fig3-001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="352" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhkp7tFVMdTvvtm6oZCkBKde40TIsW3EpIFs0gAi5kS6BGlUgXt_dQ8NnmrAp7dlnAr3fv07dZcoXTQhZJ5RtZZVNNM0eYPuv2GmYNZV0Z8R3o_zI1DGwB1xAcwZPY9aKSLWarisKLLKWk/s400/Fig3-001.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Firts and second molar shapes of the extinct fossil platyrhines used in this study</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Nova Delgado M, Galbany J & Pérez-Pérez A (2016) Morphometric variation of extant platyrrhine molars: taxonomic implications for fossil platyrrhines. PeerJ 4:e1967; DOI 10.7717/peerj.1967<br />
<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
The phylogenetic position of many fossil platyrrhines with respect to extant ones is not yet clear. Two main hypotheses have been proposed: the layered or successive radiations hypothesis suggests that Patagonian fossils are Middle Miocene stem platyrrhines lacking modern descendants, whereas the long lineage hypothesis argues for an evolutionary continuity of all fossil platyrrhines with the extant ones. Our geometric morphometric analysis of a 15 landmark-based configuration of platyrrhines' first and second lower molars suggest that morphological stasis, may explain the reduced molar shape variation observed. Platyrrhine lower molar shape might be a primitive retention of the ancestral state affected by strong ecological constraints throughout the radiation of the main platyrrhine families. The Patagonian fossil specimens showed two distinct morphological patterns of lower molars, <i>Callicebus</i>-like and <i>Saguinus</i>-like, which might be the precursors of the extant forms, whereas the Middle Miocene specimens, though showing morphological resemblances with the Patagonian fossils, also displayed new, derived molar patternss, <i>Alouatta</i>-like and <i>Pitheciinae-</i>like, thereby suggesting that despite the overall morphological stasis of molars, phenotypic diversification of molar shape was already settled during the Middle Miocene.Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-11347835161817382862016-03-11T15:01:00.000+01:002016-03-11T15:01:39.185+01:00Phylogenetic signal in molar dental shape of extant and fossil catarrhine primates<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248416000087" target="_blank">A new paper on tooth morphology has been published at Journal of Human Evolution</a> this week. In this paper, <a href="http://www.microwear.org/b-gamarra.php" target="_blank">Beatriz Gamarra</a> and coauthors have employed Geometric Morphometric methods in a large sample of first and second lower molars (M1 and M2) of living and fossil Catarrhini specimens to (i) characterize molar shape variability of extant species, (ii) detect the phylogenetic signal in molar morphology in living taxa, and (iii) explore morphology affinities of Miocene fossil specimens with extant species. For doing so, 2D landmark model was employed to characterize the main dental occlusal traits on M1 and M2. Results showed that the main morphologic occlusal differences in extant species were due to the presence or absence of a fifth cusp (hypoconulid), taxonomically distinct between Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea genera. Size and dietary factors, however, appear to have less influence. The results also indicate that both molars carry a strong phylogenetic signal at superfamily level and to some extent at lower taxonomic levels, but presenting some differences depending on the considered tooth. When analyzing morphological affinities of fossil specimens together with the extant taxa, Pliopithecoidea fossil group was confirmed as a monophyletic superfamily. Oreopithecus, however, did not present molar affinities with none of the Hominoidea taxa, remaining closer to the pliopithecoids. Dryopithecines were related with the Hominoidea group, but their affinities with either pongines or hominins could not be discerned. Finally, Mesopithecus were included in colobine group, as expected, but with no clear affinities neither with African nor Asian colobines.<br />
This study employs, for the first time, a complete and representative Catarrhini sample in the analysis of the phylogenetic signal carried on lower molars shape, thus confirming its use when exploring morphological affinities of the Miocene catarrhine specimens with the living ones. <br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdK8E6p8e9xW-7_ZaE46XC3s3DoSFg5QWePK_NXQWhvjM8vEDKgBeicq1rhFKwvK4v7ucvyONcAIGgCa6D9dy0JRw7LHtdY18x3Zp6ozmjxGyIbzceaNdF6szUtXV2CfdbYNQ5xLjaKG4/s1600/Fig1+teeth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="195" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdK8E6p8e9xW-7_ZaE46XC3s3DoSFg5QWePK_NXQWhvjM8vEDKgBeicq1rhFKwvK4v7ucvyONcAIGgCa6D9dy0JRw7LHtdY18x3Zp6ozmjxGyIbzceaNdF6szUtXV2CfdbYNQ5xLjaKG4/s400/Fig1+teeth.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRQbHSXRU-qsE51801doVuMNazHFOeJMRjsHLsswiS1KPERJyhk1fvLGX-SPsOfTL_OJOkEOTMTfXqq9A_bUn2cpN0q-0S04Rd6pFJcTARBlxwpcciezZfdpsmoAL0IFd9-qMkc11MsXk/s1600/Fig5+tree.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="165" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhRQbHSXRU-qsE51801doVuMNazHFOeJMRjsHLsswiS1KPERJyhk1fvLGX-SPsOfTL_OJOkEOTMTfXqq9A_bUn2cpN0q-0S04Rd6pFJcTARBlxwpcciezZfdpsmoAL0IFd9-qMkc11MsXk/s400/Fig5+tree.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047248416000087" target="_blank">Gamarra B, Nova Delgado M, Romero A, Galbany J & Pérez-Pérez A (2016) Phylogenetic signal in molar dental shape of extant and fossil catarrhine primates. Journal of Human Evolution 94:13-27.</a><br />
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Abstract<br />
Morphology has been widely used for inferring phylogenies of numerous taxonomic groups. Recent molecular studies performed over extant non-human primates, however, have cast doubt on the reliability of cranial and postcranial characters for characterizing evolutionary affinities. Because molecular evidence is often not available in fossil specimens, detecting phylogenetic signals in anatomical features is of great relevance. Here we have analyzed molar (M1 and M2) crown shape by means of Geometric Morphometrics in a large sample of both extant and fossil Miocene catarrhine primates to detect the phylogenetic signal in molar morphometry. Results support that molar shape carries a strong phylogenetic signal, mostly at the superfamily level but also to some extent at the family level. Dietary factors, however, appear to have less influence, especially for M2. The Miocene Pliopithecoidea, Cercopithecoidea and Hominoidea superfamilies clearly grouped according to the expected taxonomic affinities with the extant groups, although some discrepancies were found depending on the tooth considered. Our findings suggest that although molar crown shape can be used as a reliable proxy for establishing taxonomic affinities of catarrhine fossil primates with extant groups, a significant amount of interspecific variation exists, indicative of derived adaptations at the genus or species level.<br />
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Keywords: Geometric morphometrics, molar teeth, Hominoidea, Cercopithecoidea, Pliopithecoidea, phylogenetics.Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-20583989940549726082015-11-25T21:53:00.001+01:002015-11-26T10:36:50.435+01:00Tooth Wear and Feeding Ecology in Mountain Gorillas From Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda<table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR-rkjbY4Jjd2ZI0CR4GZsia5YK-L6eDdlVe2yBW5p6auYF2dT6UYRpxjxnRuWQyZ2mTSrSEfvfpDGrbJ7erURjk196sERbowPS_25qI6Rlm3ivTL5LeyonyZJ5o90AekeRTd8_4xwb6I/s1600/gorilla+eating+roots.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhR-rkjbY4Jjd2ZI0CR4GZsia5YK-L6eDdlVe2yBW5p6auYF2dT6UYRpxjxnRuWQyZ2mTSrSEfvfpDGrbJ7erURjk196sERbowPS_25qI6Rlm3ivTL5LeyonyZJ5o90AekeRTd8_4xwb6I/s320/gorilla+eating+roots.jpg" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Juvenile mountain gorilla feeding on roots</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
A new paper on tooth wear has been <a href="http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ajpa.22897/abstract" target="_blank">published at American Journal of Physical Anthropology</a>. In this occasion we measured the tooth wear in mountain gorilla skeletal specimens, originally from Volcanoes National Park (Rwanda), that during their lives were subject to long-term observational studies by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International’s Karisoke Research Center. We found that tooth wear (percent of dentine exposure) increased significantly with age for both sexes in all molars, as it has been described in many other species; but mountain gorillas present very low molar wear in comparison to other primates. In addition, we also found a significant effect of gritty plant root consumption on tooth wear. <br />
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This research is included in the “<a href="http://cashp.columbian.gwu.edu/hard-tissue-biology-field-projects" target="_blank">Mountain Gorilla Skeletal Project</a>”, a collaborative and multidisciplinary effort, with two main objectives: (I) to assist the Rwanda national parks authorities in the recovery and curation of skeletal remains of deceased mountain gorillas from Volcanoes National Park and help build local capacity for their long-term preservation as a scientific and educational resource in the country; and (II) to conduct skeletal research on these materials to improve our understanding of the developmental biology, life history and health of mountain gorillas, for the insights this can provide into their evolutionary and conservation biology.<br />
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<div style="text-align: left;">
</div>
This project is co-led by <a href="http://anthropology.columbian.gwu.edu/shannon-mcfarlin" target="_blank">Dr. Shannon McFarlin</a> of <a href="http://www.gwu.edu/" target="_blank">The George Washington University</a> and Dr. Antoine Mudakikwa of the <a href="http://rdb.rw/" target="_blank">Rwanda Development Board</a>'s Department of Tourism and Conservation, with core scientific partners from <a href="http://gorillafund.org/" target="_blank">Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International (Karisoke Research Center)</a>, <a href="http://www.gorilladoctors.org/" target="_blank">Mountain Gorilla Veterinary Project</a>, Institute of National Museums of Rwanda, and New York University College of Dentistry. The collaboration has also benefited greatly from the contributions of other scientists from the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History and the University of Indianapolis, and funding from the National Geographic Society's Committee for Exploration and Research, The Leakey Foundation, and National Science Foundation.<br />
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<br />
<a href="http://cashp.columbian.gwu.edu/jordi-galbany" target="_blank">Galbany J</a>, Imanizabayo O, Romero A, Vecellio V, Glowacka H, Cranfield MR, Bromage TG, Mudakikwa A, Stoinski TS & McFarlin SC (2016) Tooth wear and feeding ecology in mountain gorillas from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22897<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: right;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9cwnxl9FDqGF2NDjg1xeBXYJAEGlG0hI1Z1Pz79PLWH1llRl88OXq4GSRYZ0PhuBLOwlfnEbU_TkxcoH2y2HP0Lw8yNEAPkWl2lDqgz7flKsSuy1hqutFMxLQfdNwujAAy93ULpJCm28/s1600/tooth+wear+gorilla.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj9cwnxl9FDqGF2NDjg1xeBXYJAEGlG0hI1Z1Pz79PLWH1llRl88OXq4GSRYZ0PhuBLOwlfnEbU_TkxcoH2y2HP0Lw8yNEAPkWl2lDqgz7flKsSuy1hqutFMxLQfdNwujAAy93ULpJCm28/s1600/tooth+wear+gorilla.jpg" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Premolars and molars showing tooth wear</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
ABSTRACT<br />
Objectives: Ecological factors have a dramatic effect on tooth wear in primates, although it remains unclear how individual age contributes to functional crown morphology. The aim of this study is to determine how age and individual diet are related to tooth wear in wild mountain gorillas (<i>Gorilla beringei beringei</i>) from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda.<br />
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Material and Methods: We calculated the percent of dentine exposure (PDE) for all permanent molars (M1–M3) of known-age mountain gorillas (N=23), to test whether PDE varied with age using regression analysis. For each molar position, we also performed stepwise multiple linear regression to test the effects of age and percentage of time spent feeding on different food categories on PDE, for individuals subject to long-term observational studies by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International’s Karisoke Research Center.<br />
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Results: PDE increased significantly with age for both sexes in all molars. Moreover, a significant effect of gritty plant root consumption on PDE was found among individuals. Our results support prior reports indicating reduced tooth wear in mountain gorillas compared to western gorillas, and compared to other known-aged samples of primate taxa from forest and savanna habitats.<br />
<br />
Discussion: Our findings corroborate that mountain gorillas present very low molar wear, and support the hypothesis that age and the consumption of particular food types, namely roots, are significant determinants of tooth wear variation in mountain gorillas. Future research should characterize the mineral composition of the soil in the Virunga habitat, to test the hypothesis that the physical and abrasive properties of gritty foods such as roots influence intra and interspecific patterns of tooth wear.<br />
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Keywords: dentine exposure; aging; diet; <i>Gorilla beringei beringei</i>Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-87168515749320025672015-11-20T21:41:00.000+01:002015-11-20T21:41:41.448+01:00Tesi Doctoral: Variabilitat morfomètrica dental dels primats Platyrrhini<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6mO3vmcFp4yxm6LSM_sBL5y0cV_AtqYogV1aCZx1eIgjF8veMIhq6bp1SQD014rykgwiM9jYSAVa0Nl3LP0cbXqjl_IoqFTjrE3OWnh0o90EGu6NEcOt48GtLZn9RpWDapf7JY_VUEo0/s1600/Monica+Nova.JPG.opt249x332o0%252C0s249x332.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" height="200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh6mO3vmcFp4yxm6LSM_sBL5y0cV_AtqYogV1aCZx1eIgjF8veMIhq6bp1SQD014rykgwiM9jYSAVa0Nl3LP0cbXqjl_IoqFTjrE3OWnh0o90EGu6NEcOt48GtLZn9RpWDapf7JY_VUEo0/s200/Monica+Nova.JPG.opt249x332o0%252C0s249x332.JPG" width="150" /></a><br />
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<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: CA;">El proper dimarts 1
de <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">d</span>esembre de 2015, la <a href="http://www.microwear.org/m%C3%B3nica-nova-delgado.php" target="_blank">Mónica Nova Delgado</a> presentarà i defensarà la seva Tesi
Doctoral titulada “</span><span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Variabilidad morfométrica dental de los
primates <i>Platyrrhini</i>: herramienta para el análisis de adaptaciones
ecológicas y afiliaciones taxonómicas</span><span lang="CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: CA;">”. L’acte públic tindrà lloc a l’Aula de Graus de la Facultat de Biologia –
Universitat de Barcelona, a les 16h.</span></div>
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: CA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;">Aquesta Tesi Doctoral,
dirigida per Jordi Galbany i Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, avalua diversos mètodes per
obtenir informació morfològica dental amb l’objectiu de determinar si les
diferències detectades entre diverses espècies de primats platirrins (mones
americanes) expliquen la filogènia d’aquest grup, o bé les adaptacions
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incloent diversos fòssils.</span><br />
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l’acte, i demanar el pdf de la Tesi a l’<a href="http://www.microwear.org/m%C3%B3nica-nova-delgado.php" target="_blank">autora</a>.</span> </div>
<br />
<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8MQgGIZCH2ef9bFHCJiwVQx-sH4JQV_cOO-dhafhoBfCWCvjulDblyFbsnS1ExjBQjtom2iGIsRImhbj0J4r4F8O5_7mtvnax2gj9QUkR53TEWAWxWTtPwCSK86RpKpvVY63jvQNKsdk/s1600/dents1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="268" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8MQgGIZCH2ef9bFHCJiwVQx-sH4JQV_cOO-dhafhoBfCWCvjulDblyFbsnS1ExjBQjtom2iGIsRImhbj0J4r4F8O5_7mtvnax2gj9QUkR53TEWAWxWTtPwCSK86RpKpvVY63jvQNKsdk/s400/dents1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="CA" style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: CA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Configuració de landmarks en M1 i
M2, utilitzant anàlisis de morfometria geomètrica, en diverses espècies de
mones americanes.</span></div>
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les mones americanes, amb graelles de deformació associades, i arbre fenètic
consens basat en la morfometria dental.</span></div>
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Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-72793134473875413382015-06-30T16:58:00.000+02:002015-11-05T13:48:30.940+01:00Taxonomic implications of molar morphology variability in capuchinsA new paper on tooth morphology has been already <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-015-9850-4" target="_blank">published at the International Journal of Primatology</a>. In this case, <a href="http://www.microwear.org/m%C3%B3nica-nova-delgado.php" target="_blank">Mónica Nova Delgado</a> and coauthors have used geometrics morphometrics (GM) on morphological traits of Platyrrhines to make taxonomic inferences or identify phylogenetic signals, specifically in several capuchin monkey species. We used a landmark-based approach to quantify molar shape and develop a model useful for understanding patterns of variation in lower molar (M1 and M2) occlusal shape, using both 2D and 3D GM to (i) assess phenotypic differences between <i>Cebus</i> (gracile capuchins) and <i>Sapajus</i> (robust capuchins) and test the influence of size, species diversity and their biogeographic distribution on molar shape, (ii) determine if there is any phylogenetic signal in the two molar shape models, (iii) compare M1 and M2, with 2D and 3D GM to evaluate which model better represents the morphological variation between gracile and robust capuchins; and (iv) determine whether the morphological models support hypotheses concerning robust capuchins’ return to Amazonia.<br />
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<table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody>
<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhShqdYDJhQH08o4qIRS8l_ZxGRO0YXuurWFutZ51PSD4MaMnbdPW8yaWiLbc55NKptW1ODQK4iYDuE2Tt3EXl1B6G_e-7T2edypxQr_dmNpkuCnqqIN9Iqt2-0K0QmO6-RwnK8evR9jYA/s1600/Cebus+albifrons+Whaldener+Endo+and+Sapajus+libidinosus+Tfalotico.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhShqdYDJhQH08o4qIRS8l_ZxGRO0YXuurWFutZ51PSD4MaMnbdPW8yaWiLbc55NKptW1ODQK4iYDuE2Tt3EXl1B6G_e-7T2edypxQr_dmNpkuCnqqIN9Iqt2-0K0QmO6-RwnK8evR9jYA/s400/Cebus+albifrons+Whaldener+Endo+and+Sapajus+libidinosus+Tfalotico.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Cebus albifrons</i> (Photo: Whaldener Endo) and <i>Sapajus libidinosus</i> (Photo: Tfalotico)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBmJ_g5w9qBIDC0VaQ7DRrkurOqdeC0GTMChb1gvOdP3ozkj1sIHgB6wlj15VgxjthXozW2ZhZHsrEt1yz7V_47FAN35ED6_8QleD4URbO9sups6XgnEQ0Sk0Gh8G0A64zQ-UsFJUJN1g/s1600/Sapajus+nigritus+Sao+Paulo+Miguelrangeljr.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiBmJ_g5w9qBIDC0VaQ7DRrkurOqdeC0GTMChb1gvOdP3ozkj1sIHgB6wlj15VgxjthXozW2ZhZHsrEt1yz7V_47FAN35ED6_8QleD4URbO9sups6XgnEQ0Sk0Gh8G0A64zQ-UsFJUJN1g/s400/Sapajus+nigritus+Sao+Paulo+Miguelrangeljr.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><i>Sapajus nigritus</i> skull from Sao Paulo osteological collection (Photo: Miguelrangeljr)</td></tr>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3eCRL1U-7gJyBKtLNuu83_ouoJTc7Wg31ONaJAqgwg5H4ssHn4TUMgy5WiOpjd1mWx_H-dlWLOIuv9h4z_cgpOPREWUPNcvG4cMcj9F8q9tN4A9PXWvMfY7h320xsKx-2Svf_3Mmnic/s1600/landmark+model.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3eCRL1U-7gJyBKtLNuu83_ouoJTc7Wg31ONaJAqgwg5H4ssHn4TUMgy5WiOpjd1mWx_H-dlWLOIuv9h4z_cgpOPREWUPNcvG4cMcj9F8q9tN4A9PXWvMfY7h320xsKx-2Svf_3Mmnic/s400/landmark+model.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">3D landmark model used in the study</td></tr>
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Our main results indicate that there are morphological differences in molars between robust and gracile capuchins. Our findings suggest that while 2D GM of molar contour and cusp positions holds taxonomic information, 3D GM does not reflect taxonomic affinities precisely, because vertical crown measurements were more prone to homoplasy. Finally, although the two mandibular molars exhibit similar patterns of landmark positions, M2 depicted taxonomic affinities associated with geographical distribution of species more closely than M1. Diversified selective pressures in relation to food processing may explain this finding.<br />
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<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-015-9850-4" target="_blank">Nova Delgado M, Galbany J, Górka K & Pérez-Pérez A (2015) Taxonomic implications of molar morphology variability in capuchins. International Journal of Primatology.</a><br />
<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10764-015-9850-4" target="_blank">doi: 10.1007/s10764-015-9850-4</a><br />
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<b>Abstract</b><br />
Tooth morphology has been widely used to infer taxonomic affinities. Both morphological and genetic analyses have revealed significant differences among capuchin monkeys, suggesting that two distinct monophyletic groups exist: the gracile capuchins (<i>Cebus</i>) and the robust capuchins (<i>Sapajus</i>). We developed a geometric morphometrics (GM) model to determine if the two groups also show distinct molar shapes and to explore the influence of size, phylogeny, and biogeography in shaping molar morphology. We characterized first and second molar crown shape variability in seven species representative of the two genera (<i>Cebus albifrons, C. olivaceus, Sapajus apella, S. robustus, S. libidinosus, S. nigritus, and S. xanthosternos</i>), using two-dimensional (2D) and in three-dimensional (3D) GM. The results showed that 2D GM discriminated the two groups better than 3D GM, possibly because it accounted for cusp position and crown contour, but not cusp height, which may be a useful trait for inferring adaptive foraging ecology but presents a risk of homoplasy. In addition, the presence of a phylogenetic signal in the first molar shape (2D) is likely to reflect similarity to the ancestral condition and provides evidence of gradual evolution of molar robustness in the robust clade. We suggest that the shape of the first molar is informative about phylogenetic affinities, whereas the shape of the second molar is more informative about biogeographic variability. However, molar shape similarities may be affected by convergent evolution, since environmental factors in different biogeographical regions may have a significant effect on molar morphology, as seen in the closely related capuchins.<br />
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Key words: <i>Cebus,</i> <i>Sapajus,</i> Tooth shape, Geometric morphometrics, Phylogeny<br />
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<b>Resum</b><br />
La morfologia dental ha estat àmpliament utilitzada per tal d’inferir afinitats taxonòmiques. Tant les anàlisis mofològiques com genètiques han demostrat diferències significatives entre les mones caputxines, tot suggerint que existeixen dos grups monofilètics diferents: els caputxins gràcils (<i>Cebus</i>) i els caputxins robustos (<i>Sapajus</i>). En aquest estudi hem desenvolupat un model basat en la mormometria geomètrica (MG) per tal de determinar si ambdós grups mostrem diferències en la forma dental, i per explorar la influència de la mida dental, la filogènia i la biogeografia en la forma de les dents dels caputxins. Vam caracteritzar la variabilitat de la forma dental de set espècies de caputxins representatives de dos gèneres (<i>Cebus albifrons, C. olivaceus, Sapajus apella, S. robustus, S. libidinosus, S. nigritus, and S. xanthosternos</i>), utilitzant anàlisis de MG en dues dimensions (2D) i tres dimensions 3D. Els resultats mostren que les anàlisis en 2D discriminen millor que les anàlisis en 3D, possiblement perquè aquestes darreres tenen en compte l’altura de les cúspides dentals, que poden ser útils per inferir adaptacions alimentàries, però alhora presenten un alt risc d’homoplàsia. Addicionalment, la presència de senyal filogenètica en la forma de les molars (2D) reflexa similituds a la condició ancestral i aporta evidència de l’evolució gradual de la robustesa dental en els caputxins robustos. Suggerim que la forma de la primera molar (M1) es informativa sobre les afinitats filogenètiques, mentre que la forma de la segona molar es més informativa sobre la variabilitat biogeogràfica. Tot i això, les similituds de la forma de les molars pot estar afectada per evolució convergent, donat que diversos factors ambientals en diferents regions biogeogràfiques poden tenir un efecte significatiu sobre la morfologia dental, tal com succeeix en les mones caputxines.<br />
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Paraules clau: <i>Cebus</i>, <i>Sapajus</i>, forma dental, morfometria geomètrica, filogèniaJordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-51491930013098837192015-05-08T14:15:00.001+02:002015-05-08T14:16:55.078+02:00Canine length in wild male baboons: Maturation, aging and social dominance rank<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqib_V7z6o1A_HB5eBzZhyphenhyphenx3TP3JVEnm2xPpiQWv8zpo4iKhjLgD-5hAJ8yPjHzjD66ClX5PKOWS-F0q894eIJSQIMXzkWUcOIKIKVa_Pedl9YnadWc3m_5HQCrJ9dP8T7Vx8exZ1OtgY/s1600/baboon+teeth+1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhqib_V7z6o1A_HB5eBzZhyphenhyphenx3TP3JVEnm2xPpiQWv8zpo4iKhjLgD-5hAJ8yPjHzjD66ClX5PKOWS-F0q894eIJSQIMXzkWUcOIKIKVa_Pedl9YnadWc3m_5HQCrJ9dP8T7Vx8exZ1OtgY/s1600/baboon+teeth+1.jpg" width="266" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px; text-align: center;">Baboon yawning and showing canines<br />
Photo-Credit: A. Catherine Markham</td></tr>
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A new paper was published at PLoS ONE on tooth development and tooth wear. This time we measured canine length from a big sample of well-known wild male baboons from Amboseli, Kenya, and evaluated the sources of variance in their growth and size. We found that those food-enhanced baboons presented longer canines than wild feeding baboons at the same age. Moreover, we described how canines wear down over time in this population, and finally we found some evidence that longer canines, after controlling for age, were associated with higher adult dominance rank. Our results support the idea that social rank, and thus reproductive success and fitness, may depend in part on fighting ability mediated by canine size.<br />
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This research is part of the <a href="https://amboselibaboons.nd.edu/" target="_blank">Amboseli Baboon Research Project</a>, directed by Susan C. Alberts, Jeanne Altmann, Jenny Tung and Beth Archie, a team effort involving scientists, field assistants, students, and support staff in Kenya and the USA (Princeton University, Duke University, and University of Notre Dame). You can also be informed about the project in <a href="https://www.facebook.com/pages/Amboseli-Baboon-Research-Project/296131010593283?fref=ts" target="_blank">Facebook</a> and <a href="http://twitter.com/AmboseliBaboons" target="_blank">Twitter</a><br />
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<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0126415" target="_blank">Jordi Galbany, Jenny Tung, Jeanne Altmann & Susan C. Alberts (2015) Canine length in wild male baboons: Maturation, aging and social dominance rank. PLoS ONE 10(5): e0126415.</a><br />
<a href="http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0126415" target="_blank">doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126415</a><br />
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<div style="text-align: right;">
</div>
Abstract<br />
Canines represent an essential component of the dentition for any heterodont mammal. In primates, like many other mammals, canines are frequently used as weapons. Hence, tooth size and wear may have significant implications for fighting ability, and consequently for social dominance rank, reproductive success and fitness. We evaluated sources of variance in canine growth and length in a well-studied wild primate population, because of the potential importance of canines for male reproductive success in many primates. Specifically, we measured maxillary canine length in 80 wild male baboons (aged 5.04–20.45 years) from the Amboseli ecosystem in southern Kenya, and examined its relationship with maturation, age, and social dominance rank. In our analysis of maturation, we compared food-enhanced baboons (those that fed part time at a refuse pit associated with a tourist lodge) with wild-feeding males, and found that food-enhanced males achieved long canines earlier than wild feeding males. Among adult males, canine length decreased with age because of tooth wear. We found some evidence that, after controlling for age, longer canines were associated with higher adult dominance rank (accounting for 9% of the variance in rank), but only among relatively high ranking males. This result supports the idea that social rank, and thus reproductive success and fitness, may depend in part on fighting ability mediated by canine size.<br />
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Keywords: Baboon, teeth, primate, adults, animal sociality, reproductive success, dentition, weapons<br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL-FZ2wAf47GSW6IagZFhj8Gcp6gw7BHeZkrGUqCCuGBpeJozsHfu2SgyeOq7wS84fHEzoj48WZVyfzJkmnFByO8EoJCngHU7xtNf_uvZ52bwgZiemTqzupMAwMETRgsYTiQsYKPX5VMw/s1600/Figure+1+tooth+development.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="263" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjL-FZ2wAf47GSW6IagZFhj8Gcp6gw7BHeZkrGUqCCuGBpeJozsHfu2SgyeOq7wS84fHEzoj48WZVyfzJkmnFByO8EoJCngHU7xtNf_uvZ52bwgZiemTqzupMAwMETRgsYTiQsYKPX5VMw/s1600/Figure+1+tooth+development.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Canine length as a function of age in immature baboons, both<br />
food-enhanced and wild-feeding</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj78DgduVBXd14e6pr8XZ4HrT8Jy5RxExFcr6P0eVJmzQCSJV6hgYDFTwdlg6qPdU-A0iFIPRFljRA7XUnVMruicAtHV30CPApu924k_kzieiW-DJPI40rKqoFPxNfdpfnW2swAfFHxfHM/s1600/Figure+2+tooth+wear.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="321" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj78DgduVBXd14e6pr8XZ4HrT8Jy5RxExFcr6P0eVJmzQCSJV6hgYDFTwdlg6qPdU-A0iFIPRFljRA7XUnVMruicAtHV30CPApu924k_kzieiW-DJPI40rKqoFPxNfdpfnW2swAfFHxfHM/s1600/Figure+2+tooth+wear.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;"><span style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Canine length as a function of age in adult wild-feeding baboons</span></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
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Resum<br />
Els canins representen un element essencial de la dentició per a qualsevol mamífer heterodont. Si considerem els primats, els canins són utilitzats freqüentment com a armes. Per tant, la mida dental i el seu desgast poden influir en l’habilitar de lluita, i conseqüentment en el rang de dominància social, l’èxit reproductor i l’aptitud física o fitness. En aquest estudi vam avaluar les fonts de variabilitat en el creixement i la mida dels canins d’una població coneguda de primats en llibertat, donada la importància d’aquestes dents en l’èxit reproductor en moltes espècies de primats. Concretament vam mesurar la llargada del canins superiors de 80 papions mascles salvatges (amb edats compreses entre els 5,04 i 20,45 anys) de l’ecosistema d’Amboseli al sud de Kenya, i vam examinar la relació amb el desenvolupament, l’edat, i el rang de dominància social. En l’anàlisi del desenvolupament, considerant els individus immadurs, vam comparar papions que s’havien alimentat amb deixalles provinents dels turistes amb altres papions que presentaven la dieta habitual, i vam trobar que els mascles alimentats amb deixalles aconseguien tenir canins més llargs abans que els papions amb dieta normal. Quan vam considerar només els papions adults, la mida dels seus canins disminuïa amb l’edat degut al desgast dental. Finalment vam evidenciar que aquells canins més llargs, controlat per l’edat, estaven associats a un rang de dominància social més alt (explicant un 9% del total de la variabilitat del rang), però això només succeïa quan es consideraven aquells mascles de rang social relativament elevat (de rang 1 a rang 8). Aquests resultats donen suport a la idea que el rang social, i per tant l’èxit reproductor i l’aptitud física, depenen en certa manera de l’habilitat de lluita mitjançant la mida dels canins.<br />
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Paraules clau: llargada dels canins, desenvolupament dental, desgast dental, rang de dominància social, <i>Papio cynocephalus</i><br />
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<tr><td><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheNshQBENT2_s4E66w1WBd7Xl2PtMYEDbEMiYlr-VTGCtJUccPfETrqBS0u7jyel8Q5GgRn6dAgrod8Xk5y61Y365AWqpJRfXsgkPs9i5hxycEVQEG8QAiGR0L34hUELKjClecv2tus78/s1600/baboons+Amboseli.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEheNshQBENT2_s4E66w1WBd7Xl2PtMYEDbEMiYlr-VTGCtJUccPfETrqBS0u7jyel8Q5GgRn6dAgrod8Xk5y61Y365AWqpJRfXsgkPs9i5hxycEVQEG8QAiGR0L34hUELKjClecv2tus78/s1600/baboons+Amboseli.JPG" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="font-size: 12.8000001907349px;">Baboons from Amboseli<br />
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Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-32363765111962542462015-02-10T14:05:00.001+01:002015-02-10T15:09:10.247+01:00Dental shape variability in Cercopithecoid primates<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpEJPgGzS9eibgR4xW9TRDNCuJ1J7VtuFdKzV4K_lJ24NCqgIixi9pvbXe8CujXNPSZG-XVApEaav99fzg4rOf8srxJfekFBA-Hm1s7BYwMmV2tr7yDa0MMYNIiFIo1U3sSwGwC1p8xPE/s1600/landmarks+in+teeth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgpEJPgGzS9eibgR4xW9TRDNCuJ1J7VtuFdKzV4K_lJ24NCqgIixi9pvbXe8CujXNPSZG-XVApEaav99fzg4rOf8srxJfekFBA-Hm1s7BYwMmV2tr7yDa0MMYNIiFIo1U3sSwGwC1p8xPE/s1600/landmarks+in+teeth.jpg" height="180" width="320" /></a>Teeth morphology not only informs about feeding ecology, but also about phylogeny. In this regard, very soon will be published a new paper at <a href="http://www.karger.com/Journal/Home/223842" target="_blank">Folia Primatologica</a> about dental shape variability in Cercopithecoid primates, as a model for taxonomic attribution of macaques from Roman archaeological contexts. In particular, we have paid attention to a macaque found in a burial from the late antiquity in Iulia Libica (Llívia, La Cerdanya, Spain), dated between the 5th-6th A.D., from which we already have published <a href="http://dentalecology.blogspot.com/2013/08/macaques-burial-from-late-antiquity.html" target="_blank">previous research</a>.<br />
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<a href="http://www.microwear.org/m%C3%B3nica-nova-delgado.php" target="_blank">Nova Delgado M</a>, Gamarra B, Nadal J, Mercadal O, Olesti O, Guàrdia J, Pérez-Pérez A & Galbany J (2015). Dental Shape Variability in Cercopithecoid Primates: A Model for the Taxonomic Attribution of Macaques from Roman Archaeological Contexts. Folia Primatologica. DOI: 10.1159/000371633<br />
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<b>Abstract</b><br />
Morphometric variation of biological structures has been widely used to determine taxonomic affinities among taxa, and teeth are especially informative for both deep phylogenetic relationships and specific ecological signals. We report 2-dimensional geometric morphometrics (GM) analyses of occlusal crown surfaces of lower molars (M1 , n = 141; M2 , n = 158) of cercopithecoid primate species. A 12-landmark configuration, including cusp tips and 8 points of the molar crown contour, were used to evaluate patterns of variation in lower molar shape among cercopithecoid primates and to predict the taxonomic attribution of 2 archaeological macaques from Roman time periods. The results showed that the lower molar shape of cercopithecoid primates reflects taxonomic affinities, mostly at a subfamily level and close to a tribe level. Thus, the cusp positions and crown contour were important elements of the pattern related to interspecific variation. Additionally, the archaeological specimens, attributed to <i>Macaca sylvanus </i>based on osteological information, were classified using the GM molar shape variability of the cercopithecoid primates studied. The results suggest that their molar shape resembled both <i>M. sylvanus</i> and <i>M. nemestrina</i> , and species attribution varied depending on the comparative sample used.<br />
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<b>Key words</b>: Geometric morphometrics, Procrustes superimposition, teeth, taxonomy, Cercopithecoid primates, molar shape, <i>Macaca</i>.<br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp-7tAkXsCFbyzTE_noyFuxehm5Bxi5s41KkYkso5RdNocVjLNdL0XojOuRCr-Z0yNQmnsTgroUQCpF764K1gzCV8WZreX1JB9Q_VujrOysgKE78x4ovksHCQC8A-XHkWjmm-BrPWmOxE/s1600/Macaca+from+Ll%C3%ADvia.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp-7tAkXsCFbyzTE_noyFuxehm5Bxi5s41KkYkso5RdNocVjLNdL0XojOuRCr-Z0yNQmnsTgroUQCpF764K1gzCV8WZreX1JB9Q_VujrOysgKE78x4ovksHCQC8A-XHkWjmm-BrPWmOxE/s1600/Macaca+from+Ll%C3%ADvia.jpg" height="320" width="207" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Roman <i>Macaca sylvanus</i> from Llívia - Les Colomines</td></tr>
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<b>Resum</b><br />
La variabilitat morfomètrica de les estructures biològiques s’ha emprat de forma generalitzada per a determinar les afinitats taxonòmiques entre les espècies; i les dents són especialment informatives de les relacions filogenètiques, però també de l’ecologia. En aquest estudi aportem dades de l’anàlisis de morfometria geomètrica (MG) de les superfícies oclusals de molars inferiors (M1, n = 141; M2, n = 158) de primats Cercopithecoideus. A partir d’una configuració de 12 landmarks, incloent les puntes de les cúspides i vuit punts del contorn de la corona dental, hem avaluat els patrons de variació de la forma de les molars inferiors dels Cercopithecoideus per tal de predir les atribucions taxonòmiques de dos macacos d’origen arqueològic d’època Romana. Els resultats indiquen que la forma de les molars inferiors dels Cercopithecoideus reflecteix afinitats taxonòmiques, principalment a nivell de subfamília i gairebé a nivell de tribu. Així, la posició de les cúspides i el contorn de la corona dental són elements importants en la variabilitat interespecífica. Addicionalment, els espècimens arqueològics considerats, atribuïts a l’espècie <i>Macaca sylvanus</i> en base a informació osteològica, es van classificar utilitzant la variabilitat de la forma dental dels primats Cercopithecoideus estudiats. Els resultats suggereixen que la forma de les seves molars s’assembla tant a <i>M. sylvanus</i> com a <i>M. nemestrina</i>, i que l’atribució específica varia en funció de la mostra comparativa utilitzada.<br />
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<b>Paraules clau</b>: Morfometria geomètrica, superimposició de Procrustes, dents, taxonomia, primats Cercopithecoideus, forma de les molars, <i>Macaca</i><br />
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Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-53601802973832213092015-01-23T07:00:00.002+01:002015-01-23T07:04:57.558+01:00AAPA2015 St. LouisIn March 2015 we will present one poster at the <a href="http://www.aapa2015.com/" target="_blank">84th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Physical Anthropology</a> in St. Louis. The complete program, including the abstracts, have been <a href="http://physanth.org/annual-meetings/84th-annual-meeting/" target="_blank">already published</a>.<br />
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<b>Body growth in wild mountain gorillas (<i>Gorilla beringei beringei</i>) from Volcanoes National Park, Rwanda</b><br />
DIDIER ABAVANDIMWE1, <a href="http://cashp.columbian.gwu.edu/jordi-galbany" target="_blank">JORDI GALBANY</a>2, THOMAS BREUER3, FELIX NDAGIJIMANA1, TARA S. STOINSKI1,4 and <a href="http://anthropology.columbian.gwu.edu/shannon-mcfarlin" target="_blank">SHANNON C. MCFARLIN</a>2,5. <i>1Karisoke Research Center, Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund International, 2Anthropology & Center for the Advanced Study of Hominid Paleobiology, The George Washington University, 3Mbeli Bai Study, Nouabalé-Ndoki National Park, Wildlife Conservation Society, 4Director of Primate Research, Zoo Atlanta, 5Division of Mammals, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution.</i><br />
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Physical ontogeny is critical to understanding life history evolution. Great apes, including gorillas, have shown diverse life history strategies attributed to differences in their dietary ecology and social behavior. Virunga mountain gorillas are characterized by earlier ages at weaning, female first birth, and higher fertility compared to more frugivorous western gorillas. However, variation in postnatal growth among wild gorillas is poorly understood. We used non-invasive parallel-laser photogrammetry to characterize linear growth of six body measurements collected from wild Virunga mountain gorillas monitored by the Karisoke Research Center, Rwanda. In a pilot study of Zoo Atlanta gorillas (N=4), mean body measurements obtained using this method differed by 2.7-5.2% from corresponding measurements obtained manually. Head measurements, arm length, shoulder width and body length were collected from eight Karisoke social groups (N=63M, 52F; 0-35y) over four months, and growth curves generated for each sex using regression analysis; all data were treated cross-sectionally. For all measures, males and females showed similar growth rates from 0-8 years of age, after which time female growth slowed; adult female body length was reached by approximately 11 years. However, an interesting contrast emerged between wild mountain and western gorillas: male mountain gorillas reached adult body length by 14 years of age, which is 3.5 years earlier than reported for male western lowland gorillas at Mbeli Bai, Congo. These results support the prediction that mountain gorillas, characterized by reduced feeding competition associated with more folivorous diets, reach adult body size at earlier ages compared to western gorillas.<br />
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<i>Funding support was provided by The Leakey Foundation, The Wenner Gren Foundation, and The George Washington University CIFF</i><br />
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<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Didier Abavandimwe obtaining data in the field</td></tr>
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<br />Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-81054236388956218082014-12-05T06:50:00.000+01:002014-12-05T06:51:39.952+01:00Implicacions filogenètiques i adaptatives de la variabilitat morfològica de la dentició dels primats Catarrhini actuals i fòssils<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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Ahir 4 de Desembre 2014, la <a href="http://www.microwear.org/b-gamarra.php" target="_blank">Beatriz Gamarra</a> va presentar i defensar la seva Tesi Doctoral a l’Aula Magna de la facultat de biologia de la Universitat de Barcelona: “Implicacions filogenètiques i adaptatives de la variabilitat morfològica de la dentició dels primats Catarrhini actuals i fòssils”.<br />
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Aquesta Tesi, dirigida per Jordi Galbany i Alejandro Pérez-Pérez, avalua diversos mètodes per obtenir informació morfològica dental amb l’objectiu de determinar si les diferències detectades entre diverses espècies de primats Catarrhini expliquen la filogènia d’aquest grup, o bé les adaptacions alimentàries. S’han analitzat un gran nombre de molars de primats representatius del grup, incloent diverses espècies fòssils, tant hominoïdeus com cercopitecoïdeus.<br />
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A banda de diverses conclusions de caire metodològic, molt interessants a tenir en compte per tal de poder estandarditzar el mètode de treball, aquestes són les conclusions finals resumides de la present Tesi:<br />
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-La senyal filogenètica elevada en la morfologia de les molars dels primats catarrins indica que aquesta es pot emprar per diferenciar les espècies filogenèticament fins al nivell de Família en hominoïdeus i Subfamília en cercopitecoïdeus.<br />
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-Els pliopitecoïdeus constitueixen un grup monofilètic on <i>Pliopithecus</i> i <i>Anapithecus</i> es troben més propers que <i>Barberapithecus</i> per ambdues molars.<br />
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-El colobí fòssil <i>Mesopithecus</i> es caracteritza per morfologies dentals similars a les de les espècies de cercopitecoïdeus, tot i que la M2 és més afí a les dels colobins actuals.<br />
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-Segons la morfologia d’ambdues molars, <i>Oreopithecus</i> és un hominoïdeu basal.<br />
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-Les espècies de dryopitecins presenten afinitats amb el grup dels grans simis actuals (Hominidae) per la morfologia de la M1.<br />
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-La morfologia dental del pongí fòssil <i>Sivapithecus</i> no presenta afinitats amb <i>Pongo</i>, espècie actual filogenèticament més propera. La similitud entre la morfologia de la M1 entre <i>Sivapithecus</i> i <i>Ouranopithecus</i> és conseqüència d’una associació homoplàsica.<br />
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-El desgast de la mostra emprada no afecta a l’estudi de la topografia dental de les diferents espècies, permetent incloure les espècies d’hominoïdeus fòssils.<br />
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-La variable topogràfica de relleu dental (CRI) no permet diferenciar grans categories alimentàries al no estar correlacionada.<br />
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-La complexitat dental (OPCR) de la M2 està significativament correlacionada amb el grau de folivoria de les dietes de les espècies emprades, permetent diferenciar espècies predominantment folívores amb valors alts i espècies amb un consum baix de fulles i aliments durs amb valors baixos.<br />
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-<i>Rudapithecus hungaricus</i> i <i>Hispanopithecus laietanus</i> estaven adaptats a un consum baix de fulles al llarg de tot l’any i aliments durs en els períodes d’escassetat.<br />
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-<i>Dryopithecus fontani</i> estava adaptat a una dieta basada en fruits i llavors de consistència dura i baix percentatge de folivoria al llarg de tot l’any.<br />
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-<i>Oreopithecus bambolii</i> no es pot considerar un folívor extrem. La seva morfologia dental estava adaptada a una dieta frugívora, tan d’aliments durs com tous.<br />
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Aquells qui us interessi disposar de la memòria en pdf, <a href="http://www.microwear.org/b-gamarra.php" target="_blank">podeu escriure a l’autora</a>.<br />
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Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-41396671640048728292014-12-04T19:35:00.000+01:002014-12-04T19:35:40.166+01:00La investigación en antropología física - Una mirada al futuroRecentment s’ha publicat el llibre "La investigación en antropología física - Una mirada al futuro" derivat del XVIII Congreso de la <a href="http://www.seaf.es/" target="_blank">Sociedad Española de Antropologia Física (SEAF</a>), celebrat a Bilbao el juny de 2013, i organitzat per la Universitat del País Basc. <a href="http://www.seaf.es/images/stories/18congreso/xviii%20congreso%20seaf%20ponencias.pdf" target="_blank">Us podeu descarregar el document sencer aquí</a>, que agrupa els capítols en biologia esquelètica i antropologia forense, diversitat genètica humana, ecologia humana, paleoantropologia i primatologia.<br />
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Entre els capítols publicats n’hi ha quatre en els que hem participat directament com a autors.<br />
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Integración morfológica de caracteres dimórficos en el cráneo humano<br />
Medialdea L, Romero A, González A<br />
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Análisis de la topografía dental en relación al macro- y microdesgaste<br />
Romero A, Galbany J, Górka K, Gamarra B, Pérez-Pérez A<br />
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Relación entre el desgaste dental y la ecología en babuinos y mandriles<br />
Mayo-Alesón M, Romero A, Gamarra B, Willaume E, Itsoma F, Pérez-Pérez A, Kappeler PM, Charpentier MJE, Galbany J<br />
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Aportaciones de la primatología a la antropología física<br />
Galbany J<br />
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Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-36574131754292771162014-05-06T18:20:00.003+02:002014-05-23T08:08:18.748+02:00XIII Jornadas de Antropología Biológica: evolución, reproducción y desarrolloOtro año más, <a href="http://dbt.ua.es/es/cursos-y-seminarios/antropologia/xiii-jornadas-de-antropologia-biologica-evolucion-reproduccion-y-desarrollo.html" target="_blank">el 26 y 27 de mayo de 2014, se celebraran las Jornadas de Antropología Biológica</a> en la Universidad de Alicante, organizadas por Joaquín De Juan, <a href="http://www.microwear.org/alejandro-romero.php" target="_blank">Alejandro Romero</a>, Mª Paz de Miguel y José Luis Girela, del Departamento de Biotecnología.<br />
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Estas jornadas se dirigen principalmente a estudiantes de tercer ciclo, pero también a alumnado que cursen Antropología, Biología, Humanidades, Enfermería, Nutrición, Medicina, Historia y en general a cualquier persona que esté interesada en profundizar en el conocimiento del ser humano, desde una perspectiva bioantropológica y social, así como desde los métodos y técnicas que actualmente se utilizan para extraer dicho conocimiento.<br />
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La Antropología Biológica se ha convertido en una de las disciplinas científicas con mayor impacto y atractivo social, tanto para los estudiosos como para el público general. Los hallazgos de nuevos restos de nuestros ancestros, en yacimientos de diferentes partes del mundo, han pasado a ser noticia casi cotidiana y tema central de muchas conversaciones y de relatos literarios. La aplicación de sofisticadas técnicas biológicas al conocimiento del origen y evolución de nuestra especie han convertido a la Antropología Biológica en una disciplina indispensable. Un año más con estas Jornadas pretendemos difundir los últimos descubrimientos y nuevos avances en la investigación de esta área de conocimiento excitante y emergente.<br />
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<a href="http://dbt.ua.es/es/documentos/jornadas-cursos-y-actividades/antropologia/xiii-jornadas/programa.pdf" target="_blank">Aquí puedes consultar el programa de la Jornadas</a>Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-8536517330686143492014-04-15T09:28:00.000+02:002015-02-12T17:53:45.169+01:00Age-Related Tooth Wear Differs between Forest and Savanna PrimatesWe recently published a <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0094938" target="_blank">new paper</a> at PLOS ONE about tooth wear. In this study we report an analysis of tooth wear (measured as the Percent of Dentine Exposure) in two primate species from different habitats. Our findings support that mandrills (Lékédi Park, Gabon) exhibit significantly higher PDE with age than savanna yellow baboons (Amboseli, Kenya), which is mainly caused by their habitat and feeding ecology differences. While mandrills mostly feed on large tough food items such as hard-shell fruits, baboons consume large amounts of underground storage organs. However, mandrills live in an ecosystem with a high presence of mineral quartz, able to abrade the enamel, while the proportion of quartz in the soils where baboons live is low. Finally, the discussion of the paper proposes that the accelerated dental wear in mandrills resulting in flatter molars with old age may represent an adaptation to process hard food items present in their environment.<br />
This research is derived from the <a href="http://www.projetmandrillus.com/" target="_blank">Mandrillus project</a>, directed by Marie Charpentier and Peter Kappeler, and compares the mandrill results with those previously obtained in baboons from the Amboseli Baboon Research Project.<br />
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Galbany J, Romero A, Mayo-Alesón M, Itsoma F, Gamarra B, Pérez-Pérez A, Willaume E, Kappeler PM & Charpentier MJE (2014) Age-Related Tooth Wear Differs between Forest and Savanna Primates. PLoS ONE 9(4): e94938. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0094938<br />
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Abstract<br />
Tooth wear in primates is caused by aging and ecological factors. However, comparative data that would allow us to delineate the contribution of each of these factors are lacking. Here, we contrast age-dependent molar tooth wear by scoring percent of dentine exposure (PDE) in two wild African primate populations from Gabonese forest and Kenyan savanna habitats. We found that forest-dwelling mandrills exhibited significantly higher PDE with age than savanna yellow baboons. Mandrills mainly feed on large tough food items, such as hard-shell fruits, and inhabit an ecosystem with a high presence of mineral quartz. By contrast, baboons consume large amounts of exogenous grit that adheres to underground storage organs but the proportion of quartz in the soils where baboons live is low. Our results support the hypothesis that not only age but also physical food properties and soil composition, particularly quartz richness, are factors that significantly impact tooth wear. We further propose that the accelerated dental wear in mandrills resulting in flatter molars with old age may represent an adaptation to process hard food items present in their environment.<br />
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<br />Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-3196214168237152437.post-32180895492751875082014-01-31T13:29:00.002+01:002014-01-31T16:44:22.485+01:00Report of the Neolithic site Tell Halula, Syria<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFJRLLASFn7wGXDrJklZkMh4zomFD5jQPh63TIevIaFaZiLphMLfLXhmXr60sW068iYBZkEhSYkJ5SW8Z7KRLhefKWI2K-E53GL9VPaGmcG7Y64rkaxvQdJF5doh2XmOb9daNZ0DEFjY/s1600/Portada+Memoria+small.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJFJRLLASFn7wGXDrJklZkMh4zomFD5jQPh63TIevIaFaZiLphMLfLXhmXr60sW068iYBZkEhSYkJ5SW8Z7KRLhefKWI2K-E53GL9VPaGmcG7Y64rkaxvQdJF5doh2XmOb9daNZ0DEFjY/s1600/Portada+Memoria+small.jpg" height="200" width="140" /></a><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Recently has been published the r<a href="https://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/detalle.action?cod=14518C" target="_blank">eport of the archaeological excavation ofthe Neolithic site Tell Halula</a> (Middle Upper Euphrates, Syria). This book
includes a short description of the anthropological remains done by several
members of our research group at the University of Barcelona.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: ES;">Anfruns J, Estebaranz
F, Martínez LM & Pérez-Pérez A (2013) La </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">población neolítica de Tell Halula (Siria). Estudio antropológico </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">(campañas
1995-2005). In: "Tell Halula: un poblado de los </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 12pt;">primeros
agricultores en el valle del Éufrates, Siria" Coordinador: Miquel Molist.
Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><a href="https://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/detalle.action?cod=14518Chttps://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/detalle.action?cod=14518Chttps://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/detalle.action?cod=14518Chttps://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/detalle.action?cod=14518Chttps://sede.educacion.gob.es/publiventa/detalle.action?cod=14518C" target="_blank"></a><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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Tell Halula es un yacimiento de crucial importancia para comprender la evolución biológica de las poblaciones del Neolítico en el valle del Éufrates. El hecho de tratarse de una muestra amplia, y representativa de este yacimiento, nos permite avanzar algunas consideraciones de carácter general, como por ejemplo que casi la totalidad de los restos estudiados, constituyen un grupo humano muy homogéneo, probablemente formado por un grupo de individuos con un alto grado de relación familiar, es decir, emparentados en algún nivel, y por tanto, morfológicamente muy parecidos.</div>
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En este trabajo, se han estudiado exclusivamente los restos poscraniales, y en algunos (pocos) casos restos craneales en general bastante mal conservados. Por otra parte, el estudio dentario se ofrece en otro trabajo complementario.</div>
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Jordi Galbanyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/13531306821120934279noreply@blogger.com0